Kiva - Ancestral Pueblo Ceremonial Structures

A kiva is a special purpose building used by Ancestral Puebloan (previously known as Anasazi) people in the American southwest and Mexican northwest. The earliest, and simplest, examples of kivas are known from Chaco Canyon for the late Basketmaker III phase (500–700 CE). Kivas are still in use among contemporary Puebloan people, as a gathering place used when communities reunite to perform rituals and ceremonies.   Key Takeaways: Kiva A kiva is a ceremonial building used by Ancestral Puebloan people.The earliest are known from Chaco Canyon about 599 CE, and they are still used today by contemporary Puebloan people.  Archaeologists identify ancient kivas based on a series of architectural characteristics.They can be round or square, subterranean, semi-subterranean, or at ground level.  A sipapu in a kiva is a small hole thought to represent a door to the underworld. Kiva Functions Prehistorically, there was typically about one kiva for every 15 to 50 domestic structures. In modern pueblos, the number of kivas varies for each village. Kiva ceremonies today are mainly performed by male community members, although women and visitors can attend some of the performances. Among Eastern Pueblo groups kivas are usually round in shape, but among Western Puebloan groups (such as Hopi and Zuni) they are usually square. Although it is difficult to generalize across the entire American southwest over time, kivas likely function(ed) as meeting places, structures used by subsets of the community for a variety of socially integrative and domestic activities. Larger ones, called Great Kivas, are larger structures typically built by and for the whole community. They are typically greater than 30 m square in floor area. Kiva Architecture When archaeologists characterize a prehistoric structure as a kiva, they typically use the presence of one or more of several distinguishing traits, the most recognizable of which is being partly or completely underground: most kivas are entered through the roofs. The other common traits used to define kivas include deflectors, fire pits, benches, ventilators, floor vaults, wall niches, and sipapus. hearths or fire pits: hearths in the later kivas are lined with adobe brick and have rims or collars above the floor level and ash pits to the east or northeast of the hearthsdeflectors: a deflector is a method of keeping the ventilating wind from affecting the fire, and they range from stones set into the eastern lip of the adobe hearth to U-shaped walls partially surrounding the hearth complexventilator shafts oriented toward the east: all subterranean kivas need ventilation to be bearable, and roof ventilation shafts are typically oriented to the east although south-oriented shafts are common in the Western Anasazi region, and some kivas have second subsidiary openings to the west to provide increased airflow.benches or banquettes: some kivas have raised platforms or benches in place along the wallsfloor vaults--also known as foot drums or spirit channels, floor vaults are subfloor channels radiating out from the central hearth or in parallel lines across the floorsipapus: a small hole cut into the floor, a hole known in modern Puebloan cultures as shipap, the place of emergence or place of origin, where humans emerged from the underworldwall niches: recesses cut into the walls that may represent similar functions as sipapus and in some locations are part of painted murals These features arent always present in every kiva, and it has been suggested that in general, smaller communities used general use structures as occasional kivas, while larger communities had larger, ritually specialized facilities. Pithouse—Kiva Debate The main identifying characteristic of a prehistoric kiva is that it was built at least partly underground. This characteristic is linked by archaeologists to earlier subterranean but (mainly) residential pithouses, which were typical of ancestral Puebloan societies prior to the technological innovation of adobe brick. The changeover from subterranean houses as domestic residences to exclusively ritual functions is central to pithouse to pueblo transition models, associated as it is with the innovation of adobe brick technology. Adobe surface architecture spread across the Anasazi world between 900–1200 CE (depending on the region). The fact that a kiva is subterranean is not a coincidence: kivas are associated with origin myths  and the fact that theyre built subterranean may have to do with an  ancestral memory of when everyone lived underground. Archaeologists recognize when a pithouse functioned as a kiva by the characteristics listed above: but after about 1200, most structures were built above ground and subterranean structures stopped including features typical of a kiva. The debate centers on a handful of questions. Are those pithouses without kiva-like structures built after above-ground pueblos were common really kivas? Can it be that kivas built before above-ground structures are simply not being recognized? And eventually—is how archaeologists define a kiva truly representing kiva rituals? Mealing Rooms as Womens Kivas As has been noted in several ethnographic studies, kivas are primarily places where men congregate. Anthropologist Jeannette Mobley-Tanaka (1997) has suggested that womens rituals may have been associated with mealing houses. Mealing rooms or houses are subterranean structures where people (presumably women) ground maize. The rooms held artifacts and furniture associated with grain grinding, such as manos, metates, and hammerstones, and they also have corrugated pottery jars and bin storage facilities. Mobley-Tanaka noted that in her admittedly small test case, the ratio of mealing rooms to kivas is 1:1, and most mealing rooms were located geographically close to kivas. Great Kiva In Chaco Canyon, the better-known kivas were constructed between 1000 and 1100 CE, during the Classic Bonito phase. The largest of these structures are called Great Kivas, and large and small-sized kivas are associated with Great House sites, such as Pueblo Bonito, Peà ±asco Blanco, Chetro Ketl, and Pueblo Alto. In these sites, great kivas were built in central, open plazas. A different type is the isolated great kiva such as the site of Casa Rinconada, which probably functioned as a central place for adjacent, smaller communities. Archaeological excavations have shown that kiva roofs were supported by wooden beams. This wood, mainly from Ponderosa pines and spruces, had to come from a huge distance  since Chaco Canyon was a region poor of such forests. The use of timber, arriving at Chaco Canyon through such a long-distance network, must, therefore, have reflected an incredible symbolic power. In the Mimbres region, great kivas began to disappear by the mid-1100s or so, replaced by plazas, perhaps a result of contact with Mesoamerican groups on the Gulf Coast. Plazas provide public, visible space for shared communal activities in contrast to kivas, which are more private and hidden. Updated by K. Kris Hirst Selected Sources Crown, Patricia L., and W. H. Wills. Modifying Pottery and Kivas at Chaco: Pentimento, Restoration, or Renewal? American Antiquity 68.3 (2003): 511–32. Print.Gilman, Patricia, Marc Thompson, and Kristina Wyckoff. Ritual Change and the Distant: Mesoamerican Iconography, Scarlet Macaws, and Great Kivas in the Mimbres Region of Southwestern New Mexico. American Antiquity 79.1 (2014): 90–107. Print.Mills, Barbara J. What’s New in Chaco Research? Antiquity 92.364 (2018): 855–69. Print.Mobley-Tanaka, Jeannette L. Gender and Ritual Space During the Pithouse to Pueblo Transition: Subterranean Mealing Rooms in the North American Southwest. American Antiquity 62.3 (1997): 437–48. Print.Schaafsma, Polly. The Cave in the Kiva: The Kiva Niche and Painted Walls in the Rio Grande Valley. American Antiquity 74.4 (2009): 664–90. Print.

Characters of Cold Mountain Essay - 846 Words

The film Cold Mountain, directed by Anthony Minghella, is set during the American Civil War and tells the tales of two lovers, Inman and Ada. Inman is a strong, quiet and very moral country boy, very different to the higher class Ada, who herself does not fit in with Inman’s country lifestyle. Just as Inman and Ada realise their love for each other Inman is forced to fight for the South in the war, and Ada is left to look after herself. Inman then struggles to make his way back to his lover; and with no means of contact Ada spends her time trying to keep up hope that Inman is still alive. Minghella uses many techniques to create strong impressions of both Inman and Ada. Minghella creates a strong impression that Inman is a very strong†¦show more content†¦This can be seen in many other events in history such as during the holocaust in World War II. Oskar Schindler saves almost a thousand Jews lives from near certain death by acting upon his morals which tell him that the persecution that is occurring is not right. So through dialogue and camera shots Minghella creates a strong impression of Inman, his resolution and his endurance. Another character which Minghella creates a strong impression of is Ada. At the beginning of the film Minghella presents Ada as a higher class â€Å"southern belle† and because of this we assume that she will be frail, and not take well to hard times. Minghella uses costume to show that Ada is a lady. For example Ada arrives into the small farming town of Cold Mountain wearing a very impractical but beautiful white dress. However when the war starts and Ada is left on her own, she is able to change and become a hard-working southern girl, and she obtains a new-found strength to her character that neither she, nor the viewer, realised she had. She starts to dress in far more practical farm clothes which are torn and dirty, and this change in costume reflects her change in character. She learns how to run a farm, and for the first time in her life she does hard labour, which when we first meet Ada we would not have predicted she could do. This change creates a strong impression ofShow MoreRelated Characters that Most Influenced Inman in Cold Mountain Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe novel Cold Mountain is about two peoples’ independent journeys through different struggles and situations at the same time. One of these people is Inman, an injured soldier who is trying to find his way home after deserting from the fighting. He meets a lot of strange people along the way. Some of them help and some of them hinder. However, they all teach him something about himself, or something that he can relate to himself. 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Coffey proclaimed that he wanted to go; and thus allowed Paul to accept Coffeys fate as he must, and go on with his life. Central Characters: Paul Edgecombe, probably over 100, narrator, was the head of E block (death row) at Cold Mountain PenitentiaryRead MoreEssay on COLD MOUNTAIN710 Words   |  3 Pages COLD MOUNTAIN The story of quot;Cold Mountainquot; is a best selling novel and it is the first book written by Charles Frazier. It took years of research before he could write this novel. The plot of Cold Mountain is really and old idea, in fact it is an ancient one. The plot is the same as the one in an ancient book by Homer. The story I am referring to is quot;The Odysseyquot;. The Odyssey is a book about a wounded soldierRead More Charles Frazier’s Cold Mountain Essay1070 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Frazier’s Cold Mountain Overcast by the gloom of the Civil War, Charles Frazier’s Cold Mountain details the growth of his characters as they cope with uncertain times. 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Liquid Permeability of Porous Media Free Essays

string(44) " Elevated Pressure Test option is selected\." 1. 0Summary This experiment is conducted to determine the liquid permeability of porous media. The apparatus used in the experiment is the liquid permeameter. We will write a custom essay sample on Liquid Permeability of Porous Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now The liquid used in this experiment is water. Three membrane samples of different thickness (0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3 cm) are used as the porous media. The determination of the permeability is carried out using elevated pressure test. Each sample is tested for 5 times at different values of pressure gradient which are 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 psi. In order to obtain more accurate data, ensure that the membrane samples to be test is fixed tightly and covers the o-ring of the sample chamber completely. Values of volumetric flow rates are obtained from the apparatus itself. For pressure gradient of 5 psi and 30 psi, the average permeability for PP1 membrane sample are 0. 23993 cm2 @ 2. 33993? 10-5 m2 and 0. 096196 cm2 @ 9. 6196? 10-6 m2 respectively. For PP3 membrane sample, the average permeability are 0. 52692 cm2 and 0. 19841 cm2 for pressure gradient of 5 psi and 30 psi. For PP5 membrane sample, the average permeability are 1. 0541 cm2 and 0. 29489 cm2 for pressure gradient of 5 psi and 30 psi. The values of permeability obtained are then compared by plotting graphs of volumetric flow rate over cross sectional (q/A) against pressure gradient over thickness (? P/L). The gradient of the straight line from the graph is  µ/k. For PP1 sample membrane, the permeability obtained from the graph is k= 0. 000148 m2 for ? P=5psi and k= 0. 000062 m2 for ? P= 30 psi. Permeability obtained from the graph is compared with ones obtained from the liquid permeameter apparatus. Reynolds number for the tests at ? P=5psi is 5. 3913? 10-5 and for ? P= 30 psi is 1. 1147? 10-4. Laminar flow conditions exist so that Darcy’s equation is applicable. 2. 0 Introduction When fluid flows through a medium, the flow is affected by the property of the medium that allows the flow of the fluid through it. The property of the medium is called permeability. Permeability which is symbolized as k is the measure of the ability of a medium to transfer fluids. Permeability affects flow processes of fluids. An effective flow process can occur if the permeability of the medium where the fluids pass through is high. Concept of permeability is important in the oil and gas industry in which the permeability characteristic of rocks are determined in order to extract oil and gas from the subsurface reservoir. For example, sandstones are permeable and can transmit fluid effectively. This types of stones possessed large and many connected pores. They may content high quantity of oil. Shales and siltstones composed of fine grains and have less connected pores causing them to be less permeable or impermeable. Permeability of a medium can be easily determined from equipment with high technology. It is important to know the factors or component which may affect permeability in order to prove or increase the permeability. This might benefits the industry which involves extraction processes. Experimental results are important because to increase the efficiency of processes involving permeability it is dependent on the data or results. 3. 0 Aims/Objectives The experiment is conducted to objective of this experiment is to determine the permeability of the porous media, to create conditions so that Darcy’s equation can be used and to compare the average permeability for different pressure gradient and types of tested samples as well as to relate permeability with various components of Darcy’s equation. 4. 0 Theory Permeability is property of the porous medium and is a measure of the ability of the medium to allow fluids to pass through it. Permeability concept is widely used to determine the flow characteristics of hydrocarbons  in  oil  and  gas  reservoirs. Medium or rocks that possess high permeability can allow fluids to pass through it in large quantity over time. This is indicated form high volumetric flow rate. To quantify permeability, assume that there is a medium with cross-sectional area (A) and thickness (L). A fluid of dynamic viscosity ( µ) is allowed to flow through the medium. The change in pressure that occurs during the flow is ? P and the volumetric flow rate (q) is the amount of fluid that can flow through the medium over a period of time with respect to the ? P. Permeability (k) is related to all the components by the Darcy’s equation. Darcy’s equation: q=kA? P µL †¦.. (1) The SI unit for permeability, k is m2. Permeability is also measured in Darcy, D. 1 D is approximately 10-12m2. Factors affecting permeability are membrane solubility, pressure, concentration and temperature of the molecules or solutes. Permeability is also affected by size of the molecules of the fluids that passing through the medium. Darcy’s equation is valid for any Newtonian fluids and is only applicable for laminar flow. The laminar flow is always achieved by groundwater but not always achieved by gas flows. Laminar flow can be determined by computing the Reynolds number of the flow. Re= ? vD µ 5. 0 Apparatus i. Liquid permeameter apparatus ii. Liquid hose iii. Yellow chip pullers iv. Membranes of different thickness, 0. 1, 0. 2 and 0. 3 cm v. Water 6. 0 Procedures i. 3 membrane samples of different thickness (0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3cm) are prepared. The samples are cut bigger than the o-ring so that they will cover the ring completely and to ensure perfect sealing. ii. The liquid hose attached to the sample chamber lid is disconnected. The lid is unscrewed and removed. The chamber insert and adapter plates are taken out. The o-rings is checked for dryness. iii. Under Group on the main CapWin menu, a new group is created by clicking on New Group. iv. Under Execute on the main CapWin menu, Autotest F2 is selected. Autotest settings screen is opened. Test Type is clicked and Liquid Permeametry is selected from the Test Selection box. Then, Elevated Pressure Test option is selected. You read "Liquid Permeability of Porous Media" in category "Papers" v. At the Autotest screen, several information are keyed in. The fields are as below. Output File Name-user designated End User-user designated Test Reference-Liquid Permeametry; Elevated Pressure Test Sample ID-user designated Lot Number-user designated Operator-user designated Fluid-Water Surface Tension Diameter-3cm for all 3 samples Thickness-0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3 cm vi. Done on the Autotest screen is clicked. ii. The screened adapter plate is placed in the bottom of the sample chamber. The plate is aligned on three chamber pins. The sample is placed on the top of the screened plate. The o-ring of the screened plate is checked so that it seals against the sample. Top adapter plate is plac e on the sample chamber. viii. The chamber insert is placed into the chamber. The insert should not be lower than the sample chamber height. ix. Start Test button is clicked. Starting pressure, maximum pressure, point step pressure, maximum wait between points and maximum number of points are keyed in. Continue button is clicked after each value has been entered. . Sample chamber is filled with water. The lid is screwed and hand-tightened. Liquid fill hose with quick connect fitting is attached to the sample chamber lid. xi. Click Ok on the Autotest screen and the test is started. xii. When the test has ended, a Test Done dialogue box appeared and clicked Ok. xiii. Test results may be viewed and analyzed using CapRep. Select Report from the main CapWin menu and clicked on Execute Report to access the data from the test. xiv. Steps (iii) to (xiii) are repeated for different pressure gradient (10, 15, 20, and 30) and two other samples with thickness 0. 2 cm and 0. 3 cm. 7. 0 Result For PP1 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L= 0. 1cm. Differential Pressure (psi)| Average Permeability| 5| 0. 23993| 10| 0. 17461| 15| 0. 13315| 20| 0. 11792| 30| 0. 096196| For PP3 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L= 0. 2cm. Differential Pressure (psi)| Average Permeability| 5| 0. 52692| 10| 0. 36709| 15| 0. 33807| 20| 0. 26133| 30| 0. 19841| For PP5 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L= 0. 3 cm. Differential Pressure (psi)| Average Permeability| 5| 1. 0541| 10| 0. 70806| 15| 0. 50627| 20| 0. 37001| 30| 0. 29489| 8. 0 Calculations i) PP1 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L=0. cm at ? P= 5psi. From the plotted graph, q/A against ? P/L, a straight line obtained gives a gradient of 0. 148. From the gradient of graph, we can compute the permeability, k. Gradient = y2-y1x2-x1 = 4-127-6. 9 = 0. 148 Gradient = k µ 0. 148 = k0. 001 Pa. s , k = 0. 000148 m2 @ 1. 48? 10-4 m2 The permeability, k obtained from the CapWin software is 0. 23993 cm2 @ 2. 33 993? 10-5 m2. ii) PP1 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L=0. 1cm at ? P= 30psi. From the plotted graph, q/A against ? P/L, a straight line obtained gives a gradient of 0. 148. From the gradient of graph, we can compute the permeability, k. Gradient = y2-y1x2-x1 = 12-6195-98 Gradient = k µ 0. 062 = k0. 001 Pa. s , k = 0. 000062 m2 @ 6. 2? 10-5 m2 The permeability, k obtained from the CapWin software is 0. 096196 cm2 @ 9. 6196? 10-6 m2. iii) Calculations of Reynolds number At ? P= 5 psi, q= 2. 5424? 10-6 m3/s, V= 1. 7971? 10-9m/s, ? =1000kg/m3 Re= ? VD µ=10001. 7971? 10-9(0. 03)0. 001= 5. 3913? 10-5 (laminar flow) At ? P= 30 psi, q= 5. 2564? 10-6 m3/s, V= 3. 7155? 10-9m/s, ? =1000kg/m3 Re= ? VD µ=10003. 7155? 10-9(0. 03)0. 001= 1. 1147? 10-4 (laminar flow) 9. 0 Discussion Permeability of PP1 sample membrane at ? P = 5 psi and ? P = 30 psi are k = 0. 23993 cm2 @ 2. 33993? 10-5 m2 and k = 0. 096196 cm2 @ 9. 6196? 10-6 m2 respectively. By plotting graphs of q/A against ? P/L, the compute permeability is 1. 48? 10-4 m2 at ? P = 5 psi and 6. 2? 10-5 m2 at ? P = 30 psi. The values are different as being compared. This might due to the different techniques involved in computing the values of permeability. The values from the liquid permeameter are more accurate as the values are computed as the test runs. Compared to the ones computed by plotting the graph, there might be some minor errors that make the values to be different from each other. Apart from that, the apparatus might not function effectively or might be having some problems. Besides that, the sample membranes used are the old ones. As they are often used for testing, this might change or alter their permeability values as they oftenly pass through by fluids. For the tests, laminar flows did occur. Laminar flow occurs at the region in which the points from the graph intersect the straight line plotted. For both ? P = 5 psi and ? P = 30 psi, laminar flow did occur. For ? P = 5 psi, the Reynolds number is 5. 3913? 10-5 which is representative for laminar flow. For ? P = 30 psi, the Reynolds number is 1. 1147? 10-4 which is also representative for laminar flow. For graph at ? P = 5 psi, there is only one point that intersects the straight line (best line of fit) plotted. This is because the pressure gradient is low so there is not much data for permeability is acquired as the test runs. It is different for graph at ? P = 30 psi, there are several points that are intersect or join by the straight line plotted. As the pressure is elevated to 30 psi, there are many data obtained for permeability at different pressures as the pressure increasing to 30 psi. As laminar flow is proven to occur in the test, so Darcy’s equation can be used. From the Darcy’s equation, we can relate that permeability of a medium is directly proportional to volumetric flow rate, dynamic viscosity of fluid and thickness of medium and is inversely proportional to pressure gradient. For membrane sample PP1 with thickness of 0. 1 cm, we can see that the average permeability of the membrane is decreasing with increasing pressure gradient. This case occurs for other two membrane samples, PP3; thickness of 0. 2 cm and PP5; thickness of 0. 3 cm. Permeability decrease as pressure gradient increase because the fluid, in this case water have to overcome certain pressure as they flow through the membrane samples. The pressure gradient acts as resistance to the flow. The higher the resistance, little or less fluid can flow through the medium over a given time. It is also shown that for the same pressure gradient by using membranes with different thickness, the average permeability is higher for sample which is thicker. The different between the three membrane samples is only the thickness. They are of same cross-sectional area. As fluid flow they overcoming the same pressure gradient, same cross-sectional area, the amount of fluid that can be passed through is much dependent on the thickness. When the fluid passes through membranes with large thickness, they are experiencing much effect through the membranes causing the permeability to be higher than the ones obtained with small thickness. 10. 0 Conclusions The objectives of this experiment are achieved. The permeability of three membrane samples are obtained from the liquid permeameter-elevated pressure tests. The permeability of the PP1 sample at ? P = 5 psi and ? P = 30 psi are k = 0. 3993 cm2 @ 2. 33993? 10-5 m2 and k = 0. 096196 cm2 @ 9. 6196? 10-6 m2 respectively. Laminar flow conditions are also created where Darcy’s equation can be used. From the data obtained from the tests, we are able to deduce relationship between permeability and other components of Darcy’s equation. Although the compared values are differing from the each other, we can say that the experiment is still a success as we are able to achieve the main objectives. 11. 0 Recommendations In order to get more accurate results, ensure that the apparatus used (liquid permeameter) is in good condition and is maintained regularly. Besides that, using new or fresh membrane samples can improve the results. Not necessarily that for every test to use new ones but replacing old ones with new ones as when they are in bad condition would help. The average permeability value would be more accurate and the values obtained from the graph would be of not much difference. 12. 0 References i) Brown, G. (n. d. ). Darcy’s Law. Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Darcy’s Law Basics and More: http://biosystems. okstate. edu/darcy/LaLoi/basics. htm ii) Darcy’s Law. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Darcy’s Law: http://www. ldeo. columbia. du/~martins/hydro/lectures/darcy. html iii) Laminar Flow. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Hyper Physics: http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/pfric. html iv) Laminar, Transitional or Turbulent Flow. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from The Engineering ToolBox: http://www. engineeringtoolbox. com/laminar-transitional-turbulent-flow-d_5 77. html v) Oilfield Glossary. (2012). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Schlumberger: http://www. glossary. oilfield. slb. com/Display. cfm? Term=permeability vi) Permeability. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from NDT Resource Center: http://www. ndt-ed. rg/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/Permeability. htm 13. 0 Appendices Graph1: q/A against ? P/L at ? P=5psi Graph 2: q/A against ? P/L at ? P= 30 psi Figure 1: Liquid permeameter Figure 2: Sample chamber Figure 3: Pressure cylinder Figure 4: Fluid bin Figure 5: The discharge port of water Figure 6: Yellow chip pullers For ? P = 5psi, ?P/L| q/A| 0| 0| 15. 919| 3. 1536| 19. 185| 3. 4128| 22. 623| 3. 6631| 26. 519| 3. 9394| 29. 866| 4. 1191| 32. 784| 4. 1995| For ? P = 30 psi, ?P/L| q/A| ? P/L| q/A| ? P/L| q/A| 0| 0| 74. 1191| 6. 529| 142. 874| 8. 724| 5. 4528| 2. 274| 77. 339| 6. 8886| 146. 066| 8. 948| 12. 8498| 2. 9474| 81. 186| 6. 7182| 150. 051| 9. 209| 15. 9759| 3. 1624| 84. 434| 7. 2454| 153. 216| 9 . 497| 19. 0896| 3. 4502| 88. 364| 7. 1371| 156. 263| 9. 495| 22. 5177| 3. 7128| 91. 687| 7. 0481| 159. 821| 9. 957| 26. 6236| 4. 057| 94. 541| 6. 9633| 163. 875| 9. 468| 29. 9179| 4. 1482| 97. 858| 7. 126| 167. 619| 9. 357| 32. 471| 4. 2458| 98. 775| 8. 4774| 170. 453| 9. 444| 35. 9619| 4. 449| 100. 678| 7. 2947| 173. 287| 9. 683| 39. 2052| 4. 7036| 104. 677| 7. 94| 176. 741| 9. 692| 44. 044| 5. 186| 107. 986| 7. 9996| 180. 85| 10| 47. 068| 5. 1119| 116. 322| 8. 1839| 184. 373| 10. 5| 49. 7694| 5. 697| 118. 307| 8. 042| 187. 213| 10| 53. 2892| 5. 3991| 122. 31| 8. 399| 190. 655| 11. 1| 56. 6594| 5. 51| 125. 161| 8. 437| 193. 936| 10. 19| 59. 9503| 5. 8797| 128. 615| 8. 379| 198. 032| 10. 3| 63. 3005| 6. 0421| 132. 325| 8. 492| 201. 679| 10| 66. 792| 6. 2865| 135. 517| 8. 692| 205. 078| 10| 69. 7064| 6. 1141| 138. 523| 8. 76| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | How to cite Liquid Permeability of Porous Media, Papers

Changes in the Nursing Intervention-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Mental Health Nursing Practice and delivery has changed significantly over the past two decades in Caring for young people and people from different Cultures. Critically analyse how these Changes have affected the Clinical. Answer: Introduction: Varity of new models and strategies are emerging for providing nursing interventions to young people. These models and strategies are mainly emerged out of the problems encountered while providing nursing intervention to the young people. Changes in the nursing interventions to the young people were fixed after the discussion among different stakeholders like clinicians and service users. There should be breaking of barriers between primary, community and health services for the implementation of changes in the nursing intervention for young people. Body: Changes in the nursing practice for the young people were established after identifying problems in the nursing practice for young people. In most of the places, nursing interventions were used to be provided for the acute care. At the same time, chronic care used to be neglected for young people. This may be due to more number of admissions of young people in the acute care. However, recently equal attention was being given to the chronic care of young people. Most of the general practitioners are not well versed with management of the young people. Hence, specialist doctors for young people were incorporated in the management of the young people (Gill et al., 2014). Rights of young people stated that young people should receive same type treatment as adults. New models have been developed to integrate hospitals and community or social groups to provide nursing interventions to young people. These types models proved helpful in augmenting satisfaction among the young people about he althcare services. Financial and resource pressures had significant impact on treatment of young people. Several policies were made and special budget was allocated for the treatment of young people. New models for the management young people are mainly focused on the identifying needs of the young people and their parents. Community assessment for identifying health problems of young people helped in providing early treatment and preventive management. This assessment also helped in providing specialist healthcare professional and making availability of necessary resources (Weil et al., 2015). New models for young people are also helpful in identifying how effectively these healthcare services are being utilized by young people and their parents. Different community settings are being developed for providing nursing intervention to the young people. However, it would be difficult to provide high quality healthcare services at each community setting. Multidisciplinary teams are being incorporated and health records of young people are being maintained. Different factors like developmental stage, epidemiology, culture and socio-economic status are being considered in the new models of healthcare services to young people. These factors proved useful in providing healthcare services to young people. However, there may be discrimination in providing healthcare services based on social and economic status of the young people. Young people need to be transitioned to the adult unit based on the developmental stage of the young people. However, after transition to the adult unit, y oung people should be provided with same treatment as adult. At the same tiem, their compatibility in the adult unit should be considered. In recent past, there is increasing trend of involvement of parents in the treatment of young people. It would be helpful in improving adherence of young people to the treatment. At the same time, educational and psychological status of the parents need to be considered while incorporating them in the management of young people. Uneducated and psychologically ill parents cannot provide correct information about the medication to the young people (Wolfe et l., 2013). It is evident that due to implementation of changes in healthcare strategies helped in reducing mortality rates in all health issues like injuries, non-communicable diseases and communicable diseases. Despite this, non-communicable diseases are responsible for more mortality of young people as compared to the communicable diseases. Therefore, it is evident that chronic disease management in young people is still neglected as compared to the acute diseases. It has been observed that there is decrease in the cases of mental health, nutritional deficiency and back and neck pain. There has been increase in the quality of care in the young people due to proper documentation of the nursing interventions. There has been improvement in the health promotion and prevention of health issues. However, this health promotion is not equally distributed in all the classes of young people. These improvements in the health conditions varied among different age groups of young people. Hence, these new healthcare strategies should be optimized based on the specific age of the young people (Hargreaves et al., 2015; Viner et al., 2014). It is evident that hospitals are being used for the treatment of majority of the young people. However, treatment could have been provided at different settings. These different settings could have been more acceptable for the young people because young people might be afraid of hospitalisation. New models and strategies were being developed for the young people nursing intervention, however it is not completely clear how these models work and what are the improvements in the earlier methods of treatment of young people. Integration of the clinical needs and social determinants would be helpful in providing holistic care to the young people. Collaborative work of healthcare professional, educational professional and social worker would be helpful satisfying clinical needs and considering social determinants. However, such units are not developed where all these three stakeholders can work together. It would be difficult for them to work from the different facilities and implement tre atment strategies for the young people. While working from the different facilities, it would be difficult for them to consider emotional, educational, family and social problems of the young people. New treatment strategies for young people considered epidemiological aspects, however parents habits like smoking, drug addiction and alcohol consumption are not considered in providing treatment strategies for young people. These aspects could have negative impact on health of young people due to physical and psychological effect (Hargreaves and Viner, 2012; James et al., 2014). Conclusion: Changes in the nursing intervention to the young people are implemented based on the requirements of the patients. Systematic assessment was performed to understand their requirements. Health and social workers were integrated to provide holistic care to young people. Shift in the care of young people from acute care to chronic care was achieved with changes in the nursing intervention. A definitive system was developed to implement network based approach. It resulted in decrease in mortality rate. However, still few gaps are there in the care of young people. These gaps need to be assessed and solution should be provided to fill these gaps. References: Gill, P.J., ONeill, B., Rose, P., Mant, D., and Harnden, A. (2014). Primary care quality indicators for children: measuring quality in UK general practice. British Journal of General Practice, 64(629), e7527. Hargreaves, D.S., Elliott, M.N., Viner, R.M., Richmond, T.K., and Schuster, M.A. (2015) Unmet health care need in US adolescents and adult health outcomes, Pediatrics, 136(3), 51320. Hargreaves, D.S., and Viner, R.M. (2012). Childrens and young peoples experience of the National Health Service in England: a review of national surveys 20012011. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 97(7), 6616. James, S. R., Nelson, K., and Ashwill, J. (2014). Nursing Care of Children - E-Book: Principles and Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Viner, R.M., Hargreaves, D.S., Coffey, C., Patton, G.C., and Wolfe, I. (2014). Deaths in young people aged 024 years in the UK compared with the EU15+ countries, 19702008: analysis of the WHO Mortality Database. Lancet, 384(9946), 88092. Weil, L.G., Lemer, C., Webb , E., and Hargreaves, D.S. (2015). The voices of children and young people in health: where are we now?. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100(10), 9157. Wolfe, I., Thompson, M., Gill, P., Tamburlini, G., Blair, M., van den Bruel, A., and McKee, M. (2013). Health services for children in western Europe. Lancet, 381, 122434.

Comparison between Theories Realism vs. Liberalism

Fidanza Leadership Research Essay MGMT3

Fidanza Leadership Research Essay MGMT3 Fidanza Leadership Research Essay MGMT3 Michael Fidanza 4422094 Leadership Research Essay I001 Fall 14 Leadership and Management 312 16 Dec. 2014 There are many different leadership styles that can describe how someone does their job and is viewed by their peers, weather they are higher in rank or authority, or even beneath you in the ladder. There are many traits in which people successfully perform, while other ones are lacking, and aren’t essential to complete success for them. There are those who even balance. There are multiple traits of mine that are predominant when it comes to how I function, but there is one style of leadership that sticks out when it comes to how I actually perform. Some of these distinguished leadership traits I have are that I am a thinker, a problem solver, and am somewhat reserved in my thoughts and actions rather than giving them out and sharing. I have reasons for what I do and I use my reasoning accordingly depending on the task at hand. In addition to knowing what is right (the majority of the time), I also take the time to listen to others and use their opinions to better what I do fo r the team and how they can be applied to what I am trying to get done as a whole. In other words, I am pretty open-minded. The other forms of leadership style contain the skills approach, and the situational approach to an extent but can actually be improved in many aspects of my job performance. The general grading rubric I have given myself to come to this conclusion would be the feedback of my higher up and superior officer/non-commissioned officers. The style approach is one approach I use when I perform at my job and the many aspects of which it contains. I find this to be the most flexible of the approaches, styles, and theories that currently exist. This essay will describe my leadership in terms of the style approach containing two general behaviors; task behaviors, and relationship behavior. This paper will also include how I believe I can improve my leadership style and quality when it comes to obtaining or improving other leadership styles available to me as a whole. Th e best leadership style to describe my leadership is the styles approach. This is because it contains the two behaviors that I perform in order to maintain good leadership role and position. In this style, there are both task behaviors and relationship behaviors. This leadership style fits me best due to the fact that it isn’t just one organized style. It is task and relationship oriented when it comes to leading. (Northouse) Compared to the skills approach, situational approach. And the contingency approach, I feel that some of these approaches have gaps in them that miss key points in covering the basis for a mission complete and full proof plan for success. These are all great traits when it comes to leadership, but would be more useful if they were combined into one. The two behaviors my ideal leadership style is composed of are task behaviors, and relationship behaviors. Task behaviors are composed of processes that accommodate those who are success orientated and are lo oking to win it. When there is an achievement within the group, it is best that there is a positive award set as reinforcement when it comes to bringing a group up for success. It has been proven that this kind of behavior is welcome in classrooms today to promote a more self-reliant student(s) on achievement and success when it comes to ones personal success (Moore) The second behavior within my leadership style is relationship behavior. This is a behavior that results in everyone under my leadership style feeling comfortable not only with being around and working with others, but also feeling comfortable with themselves. (Northouse) There has been studies that prove there is more productivity when everyone agrees with one another and is able to put their differences aside to make profit for the company rather than themselves. (Kamp) Without emotional stability along with

Organization Innovation and change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organization Innovation and change - Essay Example The next move in the realization of British airways came in 1974 when all these airlines merged to form the now famous British Airways (British Airways 7). In 1981,the airline was privatized by a conservative government. The reason for the move was the expectation that it would perform better as a private company. The conservatives government that made this move a head to overhaul the leadership by applying Lord John King to head the new company (British Airways 7). . British Airways Leadership Structure . At the top of the company is chief executive officer. He reports to board of directors. The board of directors has the prerogative of making all the strategic decisions concerning the company’s management (Brown 1998). The Chief Executive serves as the implementing force for the director’s decision. The chief executive and the board of directors constitute what is called the strategic apex in leader ship. Under the strategic apex are leaders of various departments suc h as logistics, finance, and human resources. All these officers play a very significant role in the operations of the company, and report to the strategic apex from time to time. ... It is vital to reiterate the fact that British Airways is multicultural as far as its workforce is concerned and this not to be forgotten in the analysis of change and innovation. . Research Method: The line of research was careful examination of information available on British Airways website. Information that guided the collection of information sought to gather information on company traditions. Employee treatment , the way the company handles changes in the external environment as far as air transport is concerned the management traditions, the workforce attitude towards the management and remuneration policies. As an outsider analyzing information that I have obtained, I had no bias in my analysis. . Overview of change and innovation in light of BA: It is essential that business entities ensure that there is perfect harmony between their internal environment and external influences (Bamberger& Meshoulam, 2000). This therefore calls for a calculated scenario where the speed of r esponse to external pushes and pulls is equal to changes in the external conditions (Hayes 2007). Companies always adjust their strategies when confronted by shifts in their immediate environments. This adjustment is what can be described as innovation can be defined as a set of changes made within a business entity that have an impact ( Hamel 2007). BA has experienced a number of changes in its immediate environment that have called for major changes in its internal structure ranging from remuneration policies to areas of investment. The extent of success of the responses or the innovation the company has undertaken will be discussed in later stages of the paper by exploring the different milestones achieved by the company. For

A World of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

A World of Art - Essay Example b. Post and Lintel: This form of construction refers to a simple method that utilizes architrave, header, or lintel as an elongated member over a building’s blank space that is also supported by two vertical columns at the ends (Sayre, 2007). The point of this method is to bear the weight of the building, or structure that is positioned atop of the openings transpired by doors and windows in a supporting wall. This construction type began with the Neolithic period like the Stonehedge (Sayre, 2007). c. Arches and Domes: Architectural construction like arches and domes are prevalent in Italy, arguably more so than any other country, that were initiated in ancient Rome (Sayre, 2007). They are used as eye-catching construction that also serves a dual purpose in acting as entrances in arches, and the roofs of structures where rain does not catch. An example is the beautiful Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral in Florence, Italy. d. Cast Iron: This type of construction involves the meta l alloy and is the fractured surface of graphite when it flakes due to defects in cracks, and it can be brittle (Sayre, 2007). The fact that it has a low melting point, has machinability as well as resistance to wear and tear (Sayre, 2007), it is a widely-used material for such things like pipes, especially in the automotive industry. Rust difficult to come by with cast iron materials as well. e. Frames, Steel and Reinforced Concrete: Firstly, reinforced concrete is steel reinforcing that is distributed at all stress locations and placed into position to adhere to accommodations (Sayre, 2007). Frames are issued along with the steel and concrete to help support buildings as added sturdiness for the structure. An example of such a structure is the Hoover Dam. 2. Frank Lloyd Wright, an American architect, designed a rural southwestern home in 1935 (Fallingwater, 2011). His inspiration stemmed from waterfalls, surrounding nature, the dramatic appearance of boulders and rocks as well as ledges in the area in which he built the home (Fallingwater, 2011). Like most architects, he utilized what he enjoyed most about the site and incorporated it into his work. The terms topography and technology go hand-in-hand when referring to Wright’s home Fallingwater for the following reasons: Firstly, topography, defined as â€Å"the art or practice of graphic delineation in detail usually on maps or charts of natural and man-made features of a place or object† by Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2011), is prevalent in Wright’s architecture. He applied technology buried behind-the-scenes like the waterfalls and structural foundation, but overlaid the evidence with a reproduction, a mirror-image of the natural ledges, rocks and boulders that initially inspired him. Secondly, the home itself has to work the same like a normal home with plumbing, running water and heat/electricity. Wright interrelated that with the topography seen in the way the inside feels like a c ave, the ceilings low, the hallways labyrinth-like without linear direction, and how the furniture resembles natural trees and branches (Fallingwater, 2011). 3. The major components of design styles are: a. Arts and Crafts: This design style consists of hobbies associated with hand-making items with a certain skill (Sayre, 2007). The history of specific craft-items can be somewhat hard to determine due to the fact that some have been around

Enron Corporation Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enron Corporation - Article Example This proved to be a blatant violation of the accounting rules and eventually led to the mess that resulted in the bankruptcy of Enron and criminal prosecution of several Enron employees. Secondly, Mr. Kenneth Lay held a great deal of responsibility because he spearheaded the overstatement of Enron's income for four years prior to the bankruptcy. This effectively and efficiently led to his conviction for securities fraud, wire fraud and making false and misleading statements. Thirdly, Mr. David Duncan held some of the responsibility because he was aware that there were violations with regards to the rules of bookkeeping and was bounded by the ethics of his profession to report such violations. By not doing this, he was responsible to some degree for the final collapse of Enron. Fourthly, the accounting firm of Arthur Andersen held the responsibility because they were hired as auditors to ensure that the accounting rules were being followed. At any point during the audit, they could ha ve reported the misdoings of the Enron officials. Finally, the stock analysts held some blame because they continued to recommend Enron stocks even after the value of shares in the Enron Corporation fall drastically in late 2001. 2.

The Heroes Of The Middle Ages English Literature Essay

The Heroes Of The Middle Ages English Literature Essay The Anglo-Saxon period and the Middle Ages period were two major historical sections of English history. These two periods have very distinct aspects of literature. The hero has evolved from one period to the next. The epic hero was during the Anglos-Saxon period, and the romance hero was during the Middle Ages. These heroes have similar qualities, but the evolution from the epic hero to the romance hero is very evident. Heroes played an important role in British Literature during the Anglo-Saxon period and Middle ages and set values and characteristics for many warriors and knights of the time period. The Anglo-Saxon hero is also known as the epic hero. He or she is typically a warrior who shows no mercy and fights for his or her country. This is the type of hero that is usually portrayed in ancient wars. This hero is ruthless, however, very obedient. Courage and loyalty defined the epic hero. For example, he or she will do anything to protect the lord. This hero performed his or her duties with little emotion, often performing grueling and gruesome tasks without any complaint. He or she did whatever it took t perform the duties. Beowulf is a great example of an Anglo-Saxon hero. The comitatus can be defined as an agreement lords made with their warriors. The epic hero was true to the comitatus. Warriors fought for their lord; warriors provided protection, while the lord provided everything else the warriors needed. This relationship was crucial for the survival of everybody. No one has a place to live without the land from the lord, and no one has protection from the enemy withou t the warriors. A major part of being an epic hero was showing respect to your own family members. In Beowulf, Unferth killed his own brother. Beowulf, being an epic hero, related Unferths actions to being a coward. Beowulf describes Unferth as a coward for killing his own brother. This is one of the greatest crimes in the Anglo-Saxon period. Families and tribes are held in such high regard that for someone to betray his or her own family member is one of the worst possible crimes. Beowulf supports his success with stories involving fighting sea-monsters, while he discredits the worthiness of Unferth. Beowulf says, Breca has never- nor you either- done a deed so bold and daringà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦though you became your brothers killerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦for that you needs must suffer punishment in hell. Beowulf talks about the lack of Unferths achievements, and he mentions the wrongdoings of Unferth. Unferth killed his own brother, and Beowulf points out that Unferths actions have made him unable to be a hero . Family always comes first, and a good hero always protects his or her family, and certainly never harms his or her own family member. Anglo-Saxon heroes also avoided showing emotion. Sadness only gets in the way of the task at hand. the warrior must focus on his or her objectives, and not succumb to his or her emotions. These feelings only cloud the thoughts of the warrior. This would hinder him or her from doing the best job. A warrior must ignore his or her feelings to avoid death. Every action must be perfect. War is no place for someone to think twice or feel bad about anything. A warrior needs to have a way of not thinking about the action, but performing it with deadly accuracy every time. Fate and courage play a large part in Beowulf. Beowulf says, Wyrd often spares an undoomed man, when his courage endures. It was believed that the gods had control over fate. If a warrior shows courage, he will be spared. Courage is detrimental if the warrior wishes to survive. Courage plays an important role in fate, and it comes to play in everyday fighting. Courage will simply help a warrior survive, disregarding fate. A courageous warrior will attack his enemy when he or she needs to and make the decisions promptly before it is too late. Before battle, a warrior must mentally prepare. He or she must build up the courage to fight through any obstacle that comes in the way. Also, before battle, a warrior must free his or her mind of any negative emotions, such as fear or sadness. These negative emotions will only cloud the warriors mind, making it a little bit harder to perform every task. Being emotional in battle could kill a warrior. Good warriors always hid and controlled their emotions during battle. Epic heroes were known for their respect, ruthlessness and lack of emotion. However, like any other hero, they sought fame. Beowulf says, let him who can bring about fame before death- that is the best for the unliving man after he is gone. Warriors were not doing everything for the good of their country or lord. These men and women were also famous for their feats and accomplishments on the battlefield. Death was always a possibility every time a warrior went to battle. The Anglo-Saxons did not believe in heaven or anything after life on Earth, therefore, life on Earth was to be lived to the fullest. People held nothing back, all glory and fame was earned during life; there was nothing to look forward to after death. Therefore, a warriors greatest achievement was to succeed on the battle field. After Beowulf dies, he is described as the mildest of men and the most gentle, the kindest of folk and the most eager for fame. This shows that desiring fame was completely acceptable in the Anglo-Saxon period. People strived for fame and honor. In the Anglo-Saxon period it was not enough to just be a good warrior, that warrior needed to be known for being a good warrior. A romantic hero must possess an understanding of his inner-self or inner-world.   He must also understand the value of his experiences through emotions, intuition, and feelings rather than logically reasoning.   The audience must also be able to emotionally connect with the romantic hero on some level of emotion so that no matter the experience of the hero, the audience will relate to his experiences. A romantic hero transcends society; birth and class are unimportant. The battle the hero takes part in is internal, and the hero makes his or her own rules. Unlike the great warrior, self knowledge is valued more than physical strength or endurance. This hero is more intellectual than the epic hero. However, this hero is moody, isolated and introspective. Also, his or her loyalty is to a community. The earliest accounts in which Arthur appears portray him as a historical hero who comes to assume national importance.  Ã‚  By the Twelfth Century he has been transformed by courtly writers from a historical and national hero to a hero of romance. After the Anglo-Saxon period, the Middle Ages period took over. The epic hero transformed into the romance hero. King Arthur is one of the famous romance heroes of his time. King Arthur has been described as the leader of battles, who slaughters many pagans. He was a hero and a king, commonly referred to as the savior of Britain. Many stories about King Arthur have been transformed around myths, legends and scattered and contested facts. He was based on many historical figures. The legend of King Arthur was first mentioned in The Gododdin in 600 AD. The text praises a certain warrior but says he was no Arthur. Arthur is known as an extraordinary warrior. The Welsh did not describe him as a king but as a war leader. His legacy was quickly spread after 1138 when Geoffrey of Mummouth wrote the first full biography of King Arthur. This quickly spread of Europe and allowed Arthur to become a figure of romance. However, this biography has not been proven to be factual. This further leads t o the idea that much of what is known about King Arthur today is based on fictional stories. During the Middle Ages, John Hardyng and Robert Mannyng accepted the legend of King Arthur as real; however, William of Newburgh thought of Arthur as a fictional character. Also, in the Decline and Fall, written by Edward Gibbson, he stresses the reality behind King Arthurs tale and believes it to be a true story (Ashe vii). Arthurs character has been filled with many virtues and few flaws, each varying from text to text. He has been described as compassionate and generous. He rarely acted in ways of wrath or pride; he was the Romantic hero of his time period. He is well known for being faithful to his knights and his queen. Jacques de Longuyon made of list of heroes, and among this list of many notable characters from Julius Caesar to men of the Bible was Arthur. He was a symbol of glory, valor and virtue. Arthur was first put into literature in the French romances. These were of Celtic and Welsh origin. His claim to royal leadership was the Sword in the Stone from Robert de Borons Merlin early in the thirteenth century. Arthur was the only man who was able to remove the sword from a slab of rock. King Arthurs stories have many origins to Celtic stories such as the hunt of the white stag and journeys to enchanted castles and forests. Elements of his stories include abduction and loss of Guinevere, battle of Camlan and the death and return of Arthur. He led his armies to battle with a religious purpose similar to the epic hero, however, those religions were very different. King Arthur had the image of the Virgin Mary on his shield, and his battle cry was the name of the Mother of God. During one of his many battles, legend says that King Arthur kill 960 men in one day by himself. A welsh writer wrote, Arthur, having carried the cross of Christ on his shoulders for three days and three nights, was victorious in the Battle of Badon. Myth and truth always surround the legends of King Arthur. It has become difficult to differentiate between what is true and what is false. Arthur transformed from a historical figure to a figure of mythic proportion. This is primarily because most of his stories and legends were only transferred by word of mouth. This provided a lot of room for exaggerations and fairy tales inside of the stories of King Arthur. The courtly entourage was a necessary step to transition King Arthur from a local chief to a great king. This was something new about the romance hero that the epic hero did not have. King Arthur had incentive to succeed in battle from a woman, and King Arthurs bravery and nobility would reciprocate back to the woman and be incentive for her to be pure. King Arthur is described as more courtly and less barbaric, as possessing other than marital attributes and abilities. Courtly love was established during the Middle Ages and greatly emphasized in the legend of King Arthur. In this time period, knights devoted themselves to a single lady. In principal, courtly love was purely emotional; no physical actions were to take place. Therefore, whether the lady was married or single, courtly love was accepted as a normal cultural action. The Art of Courtly love was written by Maries chaplain Andreas in 1175, and this laid the laws of courtly love in this time period. This piece explained how to approach a lady the proper way and address his desires of courtly love. This piece also explains how to communicate to one of a lower class, for example, a nobleman may address a man of the middle class because the nobleman is of a higher class. Although courtly love was intended to be purely emotional, physical relationships were started because of courtly love. Many knights and their respective ladies went passed courtly love and took part in physical actions usuall y leading to adultery. In the Wedding of King Arthur, he said, This fair lady is more than welcome to me, for I have loved her since I first saw her and the hundred knights and the Table Round please me more than any riches. This statement is a great example of his courtly love and chivalry. He is not the epic hero from the Anglo-Saxon era; he focuses more on love and chivalry. He cares about his lady and his knights. Love and honor are more important to King Arthur than riches and fame. Overall, the epic hero and romance hero were similar warriors, but their supporting characteristics were very different. The epic hero was more ruthless and focused on battle and his army, while the romance hero was very different. The romance hero focused more on love and relationships outside of battle. Courtly love played a large role in the romance hero but was not a part of the epic hero. However, the epic hero did place a lot of respect on family and respect. These heroes of the Anglo-Saxon period and the middle ages played a large part in much of the British literature of these time periods.

Explaining a controversy :: essays research papers

Why is sex education such a controversy in this world? Well, some people think that sex education should not even be taught in school because they think it is the parent’s issue to deal with and not the schools. Some of the same people think that when schools have sex education courses that teach about sex and hand out condoms to protect kids, that the schools are telling kids it is okay to have sex. Some schools are now even putting sex programs in their schools so kids will have somewhere else to go about problems dealing with sex. One of the main controversies of sex education is abstinence. Some writers like Rush Limbaugh, and Tony Snow say abstinence is the only way to go. In â€Å" Condoms: The New Diploma† Limbaugh says, â€Å" condom distribution sanctions, even encourages, sexual activity, which in teen years tends to be promiscuous and relegates to secondary status the most important lesson to be taught: abstinence.† He thinks the only way to prevent getting a disease or not getting pregnant is by abstinence. Ubell also agrees with abstinence and thinks that waiting until marriage is a wise thing to do in, â€Å"Sex- Education Programs That Work- And Some That Don’t†. He also talks about how acknowledging that teens are sexually active and using behavior to prevent this can also help with pregnancy and transmitting diseases. Lastly, Snow also thinks that abstinence is the safest way to prevent pregnancy and diseases. Snow mentions that programs that schools are teaching are l ike cults and they are just drawing the kids in and weakening them. They are not teaching abstinence but fun ways to have sex and to â€Å" increase spontaneity†. In the end, all these authors promote abstinence and nothing else.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another part of the sex education controversy is contraceptions. Adam Weisman thinks that condoms should be distributed in school and can help prevent young teen pregnancies and STD’s. Weisman also thinks that birth control clinics should be put in schools. He thinks this approach works and may prevent some births (Birth Control in the Schools). So Weisman is all for handing out condoms in school and programs that in the school’s that will hand out the condoms. Snow, on the other hand, thinks that handing out condoms in the schools and programs in the schools promote sex. Snow says, â€Å" The Programs That Work establish an elaborate system of idiocies, the first of which is that high-schoolers, beginning at age 13, spend an inordinate amount of time fondling condoms.