Analyzing Suicide Bombing Essay Example for Free

Breaking down Suicide Bombing Essay As per Robert Pape there have been 188 recorded self destruction bombings everywhere throughout the world from the time of 1980 to 2001. For just about two decades now he accepted that it multiplied on the grounds that it was viable. The apparent association between self destruction psychological warfare and Islamic fundamentalism likewise has been to some degree dubious and furthermore liable to decline America’s circumstance. Rather what he watched was that about all self destruction fear based oppressor crusades have one explicit and key objective and that is to urge liberal equitable nations to pull back military powers from their regional limits. Religion as ordinarily know was not the sole reason, in spite of the fact that it is frequently utilized as an instrument by fear based oppressor associations in enrolling individuals and in different endeavors in administration of the more extensive key targets. (Pape, 2003 ) Three examples summed up his decisions on the vital and coercive rationale of self destruction psychological oppression. First is timing. Practically all self destruction assaults happen in composed way. Second is patriot objective. Their battles are coordinated to oversee their national country domain. What's more, thirdly target choice. Self destruction psychological oppressor battles are coordinated toward liberal vote based systems. Self destruction fear based oppressor for instance were effective to urge American and French powers to surrender Lebanon in 1983. (Pape, 2003) Suicide psychological militant discovered that the technique is compelling. It is sufficiently coercive to force an objective government to change strategy. Self destruction fear based oppressor frequently sees vote based nations like United States, France, Israel and India as â€Å"soft† or defenseless against compulsion than tyrant systems that is the reason they are being focused on. (Pape, 2003) Analyzing Suicide Bombing Suicide besieging got one of the noticeable methodologies of contemporary psychological warfare. It has been one of the most hard to comprehend since it’s hard to clarify how an individual could hazard their life in doing such a wrongdoing. It has persuaded that those ready to forfeit their own life are â€Å"religious fanatics†. (Pape, 2003)To comprehend self destruction planes one ought to likewise think about various frequencies and genuine thought processes. One ought not be restricted on single explicit psychological militant gathering and religion. Self destruction besieging as characterized is any brutal, politically persuaded assaults, did in conscious condition of consciousness of an individual. (Sprout, 2004 ) Terrorist associations overwhelmingly guarantee that viciousness is a device after all other options have run out and an indication of urgency. Self destruction assaults in certain settings rouse a self propagating subculture of â€Å"martyrdom†. (Sprout, 2004) Possible applicant people to become suicides aircraft are those individuals delivered by the association or instructed untouchables who rush to the association to chip in on account of individual reasons. (Sprout, 2004) Religious enthusiasm can't answer totally why the world chief in self destruction psychological oppression is the Tamil tigers in Sri Lanka, a gathering that has confidence in Marxist/Leninist philosophies. Existing clarifications have been additionally addressed by the enlarging scope of financial foundations of self destruction psychological oppressor. Fear mongering has advanced drastically throughout the years which are roused either with strict belief systems or political feelings. Like other enemy of colonialist ancestors of the quick post-war time, a large number of the fear based oppressor gatherings of this period instantly esteemed and embraced strategies that would permit them to expose their objectives and achievements locally and universally. Harbingers in this were the Palestinian gatherings who spearheaded â€Å"hijacking† the advanced age self destruction fear based oppressor assault. (Burgess, 2003) Terrorists guarantee that they are utilizing dread if all else fails. Ehud Sprinzak for instance gave the hierarchical rationale of utilizing self destruction fear mongering. Since the adversary has the most modern weapons on the planet and its military is prepared to exceptionally elevated expectations they don't have anything which to repulse executing and wrongdoing against them aside from the weapon of affliction. It is simpler and cost just their lives. For the fear based oppressor, human bombs can't be crushed, not even by atomic bombs. (Sprout, 2004) Analyzing His Policy Prescription He has some arrangement remedies for containing self destruction psychological warfare. As indicated by Pape hostile military activity or concession alone won't advantage for long. It will in general urge the fear monger pioneers to advance their coercive endeavors. Country security and cautious endeavors ought to be the principle part of the arrangement. Distinguishing the best technique to stop self destruction psychological warfare is a mind boggling task. Most ethnic common wars can regularly be settled by segment detachment since it decreases the two methods and motivators for the two sides to assault. (Pape, 2003) The United States ought to underscore rather in improving its household security. US ought to embrace more grounded outskirt controls to make it increasingly hard for self destruction aggressors to enter the region. The United States ought to likewise progress in the direction of vitality freedom and subsequently diminish the requirement for American soldiers in the Persian Gulf where their essence has made more noteworthy unsettling their adversaries. At the point when one considers the vital rationale of self destruction psychological oppression it turns out to be certain that America’s war on fear based oppression is going in an inappropriate way. In what capacity should an equitable country like America have reacted previously? They needed to respond by having overwhelming military offensives which just incite more fear monger assaults. Hostile military activity or concessions alone won't work for long. Supporters of concessions ought to likewise perceive that regardless of whether they are fruitful in upsetting their tasks it will urge psychological oppressor to advance their strategies. By restricting of hostile activities and concessions, country security and protective endeavors should now be reinforced. What is unexpected in his solution was that he recommends that the US troops in the Persian Gulf and Iraq should leave the region yet additionally observe the move an ill-conceived notion to stop self destruction dread since it will in general urge fear based oppressor more to utilize the strategy. Sprout versus Pape’s Argument Educator Robert Pape prior contended that self destruction dread is a coercive system coordinated remotely or against an all the more remarkable adversary to constrain popularity based governments to change strategies and clear the domain that they control. (Blossom, 2004)Pape contends that liberal majority rule governments can be forced using adequate savagery. Blossom accepts that in spite of the fact that Papes clarification is valuable for seeing how self destruction besieging is coordinated against the outside adversary, it disregard the residential political elements and hierarchical inspirations for â€Å"outbidding†. The outbidding is because of the opposition between the adversary psychological militant associations. More prominent viciousness will give them acknowledgment from the group. Papes model accurately recognizes the inspirations of patriot enlivened self destruction psychological oppressor; anyway it doesn't completely clarify why the strict gatherings with objectives past regional requests may utilize it. Papes center around equitable nations ought to is easily proven wrong. He contends that self destruction bombings work best against popularity based systems in view of access to the media, opportunity of development and the â€Å"shock value†; anyway his hypothesis can't be satisfactorily tried or confirmed now. Ultimately Papes model can't clarify why the individuals who share a similar ethnicity as the psychological militant are focused on. This methodology respects the inverse occupied with self destruction dread and can't give a clarification for the serious condition that develops for some situation and not in others. All of which requires an investigation of local and nearby level examination and perception. (Blossom, 2004) Work Cited Pape, Robert â€Å"The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism† August 2003 American Political Science Review, The University Of Chicago 14 October 2008 http://danieldrezner. com/research/visitor/Pape1. pdf. Blossom, Mia â€Å"Devising A Theory of Suicide Terror† February 2004 Center For Global Security and Democracy, Rutgers University 14 October 2008

Lenin’s Russia Essay

1. The artwork demonstrates that Lenin is satisfied to be back in Russia. He has his hand up waving at the group. Lenin looks glad and he looks satisfied to be back. He likewise hopes to be satisfied by how the group are responding to his arrival. The group are glad to have Lenin back. The people’s faces are on the whole taking a gander at him and they are altogether waving back at him. There are individuals playing instruments at what resembles a festival to invite him back. They are commending the arrival of Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov, who later changed his name to Lenin, from oust in Finland. The individuals are satisfied to see Lenin and they would accordingly be the individuals that concur with Lenin and his thoughts and choices. The group isn't simply townspeople that have gone to meet Lenin. There are men there with shots over their shoulders. These individuals are officers that concurred with Lenin’s thoughts. They had some power with their weapons and this implies Lenin had some power. These townspeople consider Lenin to be a pioneer for Russia that is the reason they are there. This is certifiably not a genuine reflection over the entirety of Russia. This source is exceptionally wrong as it is painting and could have been a falsification to make Lenin look mainstream and make it look like there are many individuals there. 2. The artistic creation shows that Lenin was famous in Finland station, which is in Russia like Waterloo station is in London, however this is certifiably not a genuine reflection over the entire of Russia. The individuals that were at Finland station are plainly satisfied to have him back yet in different pieces of Russia this was not the situation. Lenin was just well known with the individuals that bolstered socialism and upheld Bolshevik principle. These were known as the reds and the restriction was known as the whites because of the shade of their regalia that their armed forces wore. Unmistakably this artistic creation doesn't show the inclination over the remainder of Russia on the grounds that the common war came. This reveals to us that Lenin was not well known all over Russia and he had resistance in the whites that he battled in the common war. This was not just the situation in Russia yet additionally everywhere throughout the world. At the point when the common war began Lenin and the reds didn’t have any outside partners while the Americans, the French and the British upheld the whites. These nations needed to help the whites against Lenin since Lenin had hauled Russia out of the First World War before it had finished. They were mad about it thus they helped battle against him. Taking everything into account Lenin was well known and regarded in specific regions of Russia like Finland station yet over the remainder of Russia and the World he was not appreciated or acclaimed. Source B 3. Each photo has Lenin on the left remaining on a platform conversing with the group that are encompassing him. On the main photo Lenin has two men remaining on his right side on the steps. These men are Trotsky and Kamenev who were the correct hand men to Lenin. In the second photograph Lenin is again remaining on the platform however in this photograph there is no Trotsky or Kamenev, photographic specialists have expelled Trotsky and Kamenev. 4. These photos are so unique on the grounds that in the first Lenin is joined by two men, Trotsky and Kamenev however in the second picture they have vanished from the picture. These photos were utilized as publicity pictures by Stalin after the demise of Lenin to educate the individuals that Trotsky and Kamenev were not any longer engaged with Stalin. It seems as though they have vanished. Trotsky was the man behind the red armed force. He was the man that increased an extraordinary triumph in the common war and spared the Revolution. Trotsky would have been the man to take over from Lenin after his demise yet because of the reality he was sharp he was detested by the other Communist pioneers and was rarely bolstered, so a man that was let down in rank was given the activity, Joseph Stalin. Stalin and the other socialist pioneers loathed Trotsky. He was expelled from any situation of intensity in the nation with the goal that he couldn’t create any issue for Stalin. Stalin took power with Zinovliev and Kamenev after Lenin’s passing. They blamed Trotsky for attempting to part the socialist party and take power for himself. Nobody shielded Trotsky. After Trotsky had the entirety of his places of intensity expelled he was banished inside and afterward in 1929 Leon Trotsky was constrained out of Russia and was ousted to Mexico. When Stalin had removed force from Trotsky before he was banished, Stalin turned on Kamenev and Zinoviev. They were getting stressed and in 1926 they joined Trotsky in a United Opposition to Stalin’s strategies. Stalin got his supporters to support him and both were sacked from their gathering and government positions. They were both permitted over into the gathering in 1928 however into positions with no force. So Stalin had wound up the lone pioneer of Soviet Union. This difficulty had left him exceptionally uneasy of his associates. Stalin utilized the two photos to show that Trotsky and Kamenev had tumbled from their long periods of intensity when Lenin was alive and in control. Source C 5. (I) Lenin is clearing the whole universe of Royalty, Aristocratic and Religious individuals. Lenin was against rich and influential individuals thus that is the reason he is clearing them off the globe. The individuals he is focusing on are for the most part the rich individuals. The man remaining on the globe is Lenin. The initial two men on his right side of Lenin, with crowns on, appear to be a sovereignty. The individual in the base left of the image resembles an Orthodox Russian Church part. The man in the base right of the animation resembles a rich privileged person. Lenin is utilizing a brush and clearing since that is customarily connected with laborers and not the rich. It is connoting the retaliate of the laborers to show that Lenin is on the laborers side and that they will battle against the rich. 5. (ii) The Revolution of March 1917 that ousted the tsarist system got Lenin off guard, he figured out how to make sure about section through Germany in a fixed train. His emotional appearance in Petrograd happened one month after defiant specialists and fighters had toppled the tsar. The Bolsheviks, including Joseph Stalin, had concurred with the concession the Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies appeared to the temporary government. Lenin quickly declined this line of arrangement. In his â€Å"April Theses† he contended that solitary the Soviet could react to the expectations and requirements of Russia’s laborers and workers. Under the trademark â€Å"All Power to the Soviets†, the Bolshevik party meeting acknowledged Lenin’s program. After a fruitless workers’ uprising in July, Lenin spent August and September 1917 in Finland, escaping the temporary government. There, he figured his ideas of a communist government. He likewise assaulted the party’s Central Committee with requests for a furnished uprising in the capital. His arrangement was at long last acknowledged; it was placed into impact on November seventh. A couple of days after the November Revolution, Lenin was chosen head of government. He acted reasonably to merge the intensity of the new Soviet state. His fundamental concern was the security of the Revolution and Soviet force against adversaries both abroad and at home. In accordance with these useful contemplations Lenin acknowledged the overwhelming German expressions for the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty. Lenin took intensity of Russia from the temporary government that didn’t set up that a very remarkable battle at all to prevent him from dominating. Lenin took power after the Tsar had fallen and the nation was in chaos after the First World War. Lenin took power in the wake of being in a state of banishment from R ussia so he hadn’t seen the entirety of the impacts that the war had on Russia. Source D 6. (I) Robert Lansing had a terrible demeanor towards the Russian unrest. He didn’t imagine that Russia could get by after the takeover by the Bolsheviks in the common war. Lansing accepted that the upheaval would end in ‘brutality and demolition of life’. Lansing contrasts the Russian transformation and the French upheaval. He says that before the French upheaval France had a legitimate framework and an administration, Russia has not one or the other. This implies he didn’t believe that they would be equipped for running the nation. Lansing says that the nation wouldn’t end up additionally created. Which shows that there is no reason for battling. To stop the difficult they ought to get an administration and a lawful framework. To propel his discourse he pounds home his point that there is no position or control. He keeps on saying that the nation is loaded with turmoil and savagery. He gives a correlation with a cauldron just as it is holding on to flood, it is bubbling up pleasantly. At long last he thinks about the individuals of Russia and how they will be influenced by the war. He gives the feeling that he feels frustrated about the things that will transpire. Robert Lansing’s mentality was that Russia would be more awful off if the Bolsheviks assumed responsibility for all Russia. His view isn't really right, as Robert Lansing has one-sided supposition because of the way that he was the US Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. He has an awful demeanor towards Russia since they pulled out of the First World War. The Americans would be unpleasant and wouldn’t bolster whatever the Russians do. 6. (ii) At the point when Robert Lansing said the words ‘Russian Terror’ he was alluding to the agony that Russian individuals would feel. By dread he implies that blood will be shed and life will be lost. He imagines that the passing rate and property pulverization will be higher than the French Revolution. He is stating that individuals make some hard memories in front of them in the event that they live in Russia. Source E 7. This source originates from Winston Churchill when he was the British Secretary of War and Air. Churchill has an exceptionally unmistakable assessment of the Bolsheviks and there thoughts, he doesn’t bolster them by any stretch of the imagination. You can tell from the principal sentence he said ‘the Bolshevik Tyranny is the worstâ

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

Rivalry is turning out to be increasingly savage while the market is turning out to be globalization. With higher purchaser sway, clients are not, at this point happy with qualify items and great administrations. The general public concerned progressively about the business ethic and natural issues. Organizations are relied upon to act righteously these days. The thoughts of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Citizenship are spreading quicker than any time in recent memory and become one of the most blazing plans of action in the ongoing decades. â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)† is characterized as â€Å"the duty of business to add to feasible monetary turn of events, working with representatives, their families, the neighborhood network and society everywhere to improve their nature of life† at the World Business Council for Sustainable Development in 2000. The primary thought of CSR is that organizations ought to be mindful to the partners which incorporate the clients, investors, providers, workers or whatever other gathering that might be impacted by the corporate activities. Various associations may have shaped diverse social capable projects which can be sorted in four significant parts: the earth, the network, the work place and the commercial center. Various organizations will underline on various angles to make the social mindful projects. â€Å"Particular CSR activities may do great, or mischief, or have no effect one way or the other, yet it is essential to oppose the achievement of the CSR thought. â€Å" (Briggs and Verma, 2006) Mounting confirmations show the advantages brought by the CSR Programs. For instance, companies made colossal gift to calamities across the nation and to the last billions. Be that as it may, few out of every odd CSR Program can be developed effectively. Nestlã © had experienced a blacklist last more than 30 years which is the outcome from its fizzled CSR Program. Known as the infant executioner, Nestlã © is accused to slaughter a huge number of Babies in the less evolved area. They advanced and disseminated free moment recipe milk powder to supplant breastfeeding and prompted serious medical issues or even passing to the children (Sethi, 1979). The two inverse aftereffects of CSR programs raise inquiries for CSR programs. Is there a business case for CSR? By what means would corporations be able to be profited by CSR? Proposals addresses will be talked about in this exposition thus as the appropriate responses. B. Is there a business case for CSR? â€Å"Corporations are required to be acceptable citizens† attested by Briggs and Verma (2006). Clients are requesting more from the enterprises. Capable corporates are required to meet the â€Å"Triple Bottom Lines† which are the financial maintainability, ecological manageability and social supportability. Join Elington show the interrelationship of the triple primary concern in 1997, â€Å"Society relies upon the economy †and the economy relies upon the worldwide biological system, whose wellbeing speaks to a definitive base line† (Elkington, 1997). CSR projects can likewise assist the organization with achieving reasonable development which is a definitive objective for each CSR program. Manageable improvement is advancement to fulfill the requirements of present age without yielding the capacity of people in the future to improvement (WCED, 1987). Study demonstrates that manageable development and business achievement can't be accomplished exclusively b y augmenting momentary benefits, however rather through market-arranged and social mindful projects (Neal, 2006). The CSR projects may draw in with the accompanying four perspectives: the earth, the network, the working environment and the commercial center (World Business Council, 2000). As the establishment of each individual in the earth, dependable to condition is a fundamental piece of CSR programs. Gained from the Industrial Revolution when individuals penance condition for business development, private associations today have attempted to improve nature. For instance, Toyota has built up the cross breed card models which can utilize both fuel and power as force source. It can assist with lessening the air contamination and decrease the carbon dioxide in the environment. This advancement is likewise being considered as long haul situated and reasonable for future improvement so both the clients and financial specialists are happy with it. The second part of corporate social obligation is the network. Companies must be duty to the neighborhood network as they are the fundamental for the business achievement. Social mindful firms should employ nearby work power in the work place. Organizations regularly make gift after tremendous debacles, for example, seismic tre mor or tropical storm. For instance, organizations had given over US$547 millions after the calamity of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 (Briggs and Verma, 2006). Albeit some reprimand that the organizations are making fiascos into open doors for open relationship, the gift can absolutely push the network to remade their home a while later, The third part of corporate social duty is the working environment. Organizations are mindful to guarantee the security and ethnic in the work environment. The representatives are producing the benefit so the organizations ought to be capable to them by making innocuous and agreement working condition. For instance, Nike, and other American and European games wear creation organizations, guarantee to screen the working conditions in its provider plants in less created nations (Vogel, 2005, 1). Partnerships ought to likewise be dependable to the commercial center. Manufacturing quality item as well as addressing the requirements of different clients. For instance, albeit advanced mobile phones are getting well known as of late, a few people with visual inability may not ready to utilize those items without right hand from others. By presenting the Voiceover application, clients with visual inability can utilize the advanced mobile phone or different gadgets made by Apple without any problem. Other than the positive perspective, there have consistently been reactions of CSR since the time it was developed. In 1970, the Nobel Price victor, Friedman composed â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to build its Profits† and the three primary contentions he expressed in his article have become the establishment for the reactions against CSR. In his first contention, Friedman guaranteed that lone individuals have an ethical obligation regarding their activities (Fri edman, 1970). As a gathered substance, organizations don't have the duty of the choice made by the administration. Be that as it may, partnerships act like human from multiple points of view. For models, in lawful terms, companies are comprised as a counterfeit individual whose conduct is chosen by the corporate inside choice structure and the authoritative culture. Numerous organizations are acting logically to make an open view of good citizenship to increase positive picture and upper hands from the general public (Brigs and Verma, 2006). In the accompanying article, Friedman brought up that the legislature, rather than the personal business segment, ought to be dependable to tackle the social issues and issues (Friedman, 1970). Later researchers bolster his contention that with gigantic measure of duty gathered by the legislature, the obligation of social help ought to be moved to the administration and the open parts. In any case, sometimes, government will be unable to assume the liability because of inadequate assets or glitch of government specialist. Geoge Kell, official leader of the United Nations’s Global Compact Office, demonstrated that â€Å"So long as government neglect to do their part thus long as business goes worldwide, CSR helps fill a significant void† (Brigs and Verma, 2006). The last contention of Friedman is that the directors ought to be liable for the enthusiasm of investors (Friedman, 1970). Singing out CSR projects may build the cost and debilitate the company’s execution. In what direction, the interests of the investors are hurt (Henderson, 2001). This contention is refuted by the endless effective business instances of CSR programs. C. In what capacity would corporations be able to be profited by the CSR programs? 1. CSR can help the corporates to expand the benefits. Companies can be profited by the CSR programs in numerous angles. Since the most significant objective for the organization is expand its benefit, researchers and administrators are attempting to make sense of how CSR projects will impact the company’s gainfulness. Organizations for the most part increment their productivity by two methods: Cut expense and Differentiation (Porter, 1985). A viable CSR Programs can assist the partnerships with achieving the two focuses. Cost decrease can be accomplished by CSR Programs straightforwardly or in a roundabout way. The immediate route is to lessen the expense by utilizing the crude material or vitality in an increasingly proficient manner. For instance, by diminishing the bundling, organizations can cut the unit cost of item and ensure the earth by creating less burn through simultaneously (Welford, 2000). The other route is to lessening the circuitous cost, for example, the representative preparing cost, the administration cost. For instance, the representative caring projects can bring down the worker turnover rate and decreasing the recruiting and preparing cost for new representatives. By this mean, the representatives are increasingly fulfilled to the organizations and will be more averse to leave and have better execution in the working environment. Google has been focused on this issue. The organization made the â€Å"best† working condition on the planet and make the most fulfilled. The CSR program accomplishments in expanding capacity to draw in and hold representatives and decreasing working expense. Another approach to build gainfulness is separation. By utilizing separation procedure, the items can be exceptional among the contenders (Welford, 2000). Corporates have been utilizing CSR programs as separation focuses quite a while in the past and accomplish positive outcome. Take the Body Shop for instance. They separate their items from the other healthy skin items by utilizing all natu

Virginia Woolf’s work Mrs. Dalloway - Free Essay Example

Virginia Woolf’s work ‘Mrs. Dalloway’ is a very diverse work which has a lot of ideas and topics to analyse and discuss. So, one of the most important issue in the novel is feminism. A lot of scholars and literalists have debated on that question and is still unclear and does not show a determinate perspective on itself. She analyses the patriarchal English society in her novels, where she characterizes the kind of women in diverse contexts. She opened women’s eyes on their inferior status and provided them with a female tradition to rely on. She struggles to offer women the proper proofs for having a meaning in life. Hence, Woolf holds that such meaning would lead to a target in life, and consequently, it would create a modern and normal life. Virginia Woolf’s ‘Mrs. Dalloway’ was published in 1925 and she tends to write about a lot of themes and feminism is one of the most underlying topic. The story is about when Clarissa Dalloway threw a party and the novel tells about the preparing and the result of it. During this, she contemplates her life and feels that it is ordinary and petty. Woolf showed through this that the women’s lifestyle at that time is meaningless because of the constraints of them. A very implied but feminist tone can be perceived right from the beginning, when Clarissa goes out to purchase some flowers for her party and she instantly starts to imagine about Peter Walsh, with who she nearly got married. Taking under consideration her memories of conversation between herself and Peter the conclusion that even tough he loved her, he did not told Clarissa what he was feeling which can be explained with the fact that Peter had a lot of more important stuff to deal with, leaving her in the background. Clarissa remains thinking about the chance to have been married to Peter throughout the day. She is still imagining that her life would have been very different if not marry Richard, nevertheless the most deeply emotional and romantic memories belong to Sally Saton. However, she could not admit having a closeness to a same sex person, that is why it was hopeless to confess what she was feeling because it would have ruined her dignity and rooted her feelings of shame wh ich were inflicted upon her by the social standards of her time. Instead, she married Richard Dalloway which was supposed from her and apparently accepted a life of duty. At this point, she was a woman who had maintained her appearance and satisfied her social commitments, she was not expected to follow her heart wishes, she just had to be the woman who her man wanted her to be. Perhaps, she could not acknowledge that this life was not the one she was cherishing and was the cause of her deliberations throughout the day. Somehow, she repressed her true feelings and attempted to meet the demands of the age and society to her. It was really hard to hide what she felt but, as a woman, she had not much rights at this time so, she had no other possibility than accepting dependency and not to rebel against the implied social standards. The sense of a wife’s duty is also indicated in another character, Lucrezia Warren Smith, wife of Septimus Smith who is said to be Clarissa’s parallel character. Even though she loves her husband a lot, she feels the load of having to take care about Septimus who is diagnosed from a mental illness. Lucrezia thinks that she is in the role of continuous caregiver and begins to see her husband as less of a man. When Septimus dies, the whole story takes a little twist and it has a bit shocking repercussion on everyone, but especially on Clarissa. Firstly, she felt angry and kept rancour towards Lady Bradshaw, who destroyed the good atmosphere with that awful news. She wanted to keep away the hard word â€Å"death† from the party because her life felt so petite in comparison to that thought, a mere wife and just a party planner. Most women would have thought in that way. Eventually, she liked the thought, which made her feel even more alive, and permitted her to desire and feel happy about the feeling of being alive, and the things that she had, though in her current state of mind, her life could be summarized as trivial, barely a wife and party planner. The character of Clarissa is represented as a suppressed woman, but, in the novel, there are indications that some women were starting to take on roles of power, like Lady Bruton, who sometimes acted as a good leader. she had nobility, and everyone listened to her. She was able to do the kind of things that average people could not. It is very rare in the case of a woman because they are habitually for being led and not leading others, this situation could only occur at that time if the woman was in an influential position. Even though it may have happened in some cases, it was very strange and that is why it is awkward to be subservient to a woman. There is another character, which is supposedly a trait of the Virgin Mary, Virginity, and she â€Å"alone of all her sex† managed to defend, became a goal in the nineteenth-century for all women who were supposed to struggle to achieve. In this age, the woman was identified as a domestic animal, like if she was an angel who is completely unselfish, sympathetic and charming; a woman who has a family with some difficulties, so she has to sacrify herself every day. Besides, this vision of the woman can be related to Virgin Mary’s appearance, behaviour and humble approach to God. People in the nineteenth century believed women seemed to her. There are spotted two facts concerning Clarissa, however, distance her from the â€Å"angel type†, and restrain her from sanctification: her declared agnosticism (she did not believe in God) and the fact that her virginity is rendered an act of conscious choice. Her conscious denial of a male-centred sexuality imposed on her by patriarchal ideology, along with her inability to perform her wifely duties (characterized by Woolf as a â€Å"failure† on her part), render Clarissa’s virginity a far more complex issue. [11] Mrs. Dalloway’s virginity is sharply contrasted to her power to arouse fleshly desire in others. Peter Walsh, once a rejected lover of Clarissa’s, is still deeply attracted by her even though time has passed and many-many years have gone so far they loved each other so intensely. Miss Kilman, dedicated to religion, finds it difficult to control the flesh after her encounter with Mrs. Dalloway. Rather than being a sign of mere modesty, Clarissa’s virginity seems to be related to the ancient Greek and pagan notion of virginity as a sign of power and autonomy. However, the word â€Å"failure† is referring to Clarissa’s continuous fails to meet her husband’s demands and her duties towards him. It may be explained with Clarissa conscious option to reject men, and remain single being unconquered like an ancient pagan goddess or as a negative reflection of her to be normal in the question of sexuality. [12] The character of Miss Kilman is treated by the writer with exceptional ruthlessness. She describes her as a â€Å"monster†, ugly body, hair, no clothes suited her, she wore very simple and green cloth indeed, which made her nasty. Defined by a patriarchal society as a monster-woman, her consolation is not the religion which would keep balance and help to control the desire of flesh, but food. Sometimes it seemed that the only thing she lived for was food (except for Elizabeth). She is adverse of the maternal ideal. A mother offers her breast to her baby, tries to shelter the infant from every danger and rejects all of her wishes, push them back just to meet her child’s demand and valet the baby. As opposed to these, Miss Kilman is adverse in everything. She only wants to feed her hunger physically and mentally as well. She does not give, she takes. Miss Kilman is the â€Å"other† Madonna, the reverse side of the Virgin Mary’s image. She tries to achieve a birth in the other way round, as she wants to absorb Elizabeth. She wanted to make Elizabeth hers forever and never let her. [13] This behaviour rather more relates to a man than a women. She completely turned from the inside out somewhere in her life because it is not normal for a woman. Instead of being smooth and amiable she is wild and ruthless.

Horror Stories What’s the Catch

For as long as narration in any form existed, horror stories of this or that kind have been extremely popular. They are not limited to literature: people told each other scary stories beside campfires long before there was such thing as literature and, for that matter, writing. And the situation didn’t change much in the millennia since then – the media may have changed, today we are being frightened by much more sophisticated methods, including text, audio, video, interactive experiences and so on, but the core remains the same – people simply like being scared. At least until something really threatens them. Why Do We Like to Be Afraid? Howard Philip Lovecraft, one of the best-known masters of horror fiction, in his essay on the history of the genre says that fear is one of the oldest and the strongest human emotions, and the strongest and the oldest fear is the fear of the unknown. This is, to put it briefly, what it’s all about. Horror fiction makes use of fears we all keep somewhere in our subconscious: fear of the dark, fear of inexplicable, fear of what we cannot understand or perceive. We may say that we possess completely scientific approach to life and believe only in things that can be proved; but deep down there is something in each of us that doesn’t think in categories of reason, proof and logic. Some people manage this primal part of their personality better, some worse, but all of us to this or that degree are influenced by it, no matter if we acknowledge it or not. That is why horror stories – if they are well told – can fascinate even those who don’t like them. They resonate with something hidden deeper than rationality. The world around us is too mundane, too logical, there are too few things left completely unexplained. We know logically that no monsters lurk in the shadows, but somewhere deep inside we still expect them to – or even want those monsters to be real. An Easy Way to Get Your Adrenaline Another reason why horror stories are so popular is that they give us an opportunity to tickle our nerves without actually subjecting ourselves to any real danger. Humankind evolved in conditions in which its representatives were constantly surrounded by innumerable threats: wild beasts, enemy peoples, natural disasters and so on. As the civilization developed, humans understood the world around them better and better and were able to weaken the impact of some of these dangers or to neutralize them altogether. Today we are still afraid of horrible things happening to us, but the nature of these things is generally quite explainable and logical. But the fear of the unknown remains, and to satiate the hunger for it people read horror stories, thus in some way restoring the conditions of the past, at least in their imaginations. So every time you read a horror story you pay homage to this subconscious desire to feel primeval fear once again.

The Effects Of Gmos On Human And Environmental Health Essay

Corey Schulz Professor Tyler ENG 1201 Online 7 November 2016 The Negative Effects of GMOs on Human and Environmental Health Would you rather consume food that is grown with enough poison to pollute the soil, or grown naturally with organic fertilizer such as compost? Well when you consume Genetically Engineered Organisms (GMOs), you are doing just that, eating food that has been grown with enough poison to pollute soil. These products claim to have higher yields and greater resistance to harmful insects and diseases. Although some of these claims may be true, there is possibly health concerns with eating these types of foods. It is not fully the fault of the consumer for consuming such goods, since the FDA does not require companies to label products that have been Genetically Engineered. These Genetically altered foods have the possibility to cause human health concerns and environmental concerns due to the chemicals that are used in the process, therefore Genetically Engineered Organisms should be labeled as dangerous and taken off the marke t around the world. Genetic Modifications have been around for thousands of years, termed as ‘selective breeding’ or ‘articfial selection’. This method was simply taking the desired traits of an organism and mating them with the intention of combing these traits through their offspring. Until around 1973, a massive breakthrough in Genetic Engineering came from two scientists named Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen. These two scientistsShow MoreRelatedWhy GMOs Should Be Banned674 Words   |  3 Pagesfoods (GMOs) is very complex. There are many aspects of this process we must consider when deciding if GMOs should continue to be sold. Due to many human health, environmental, and economical concerns the sale of all genetically modified foods should be banned. Here is some history of GMO: In 1980 the first GMO patent was issued by the U.S. Patent Office. This in where the battle of GMO started. Many years later in 1994 the first GMO begins sale in grocery stores. In 1999 the amount of GMO crops hasRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods And The Human Body1159 Words   |  5 Pagesfor the growth and maintenance of the human body. A nutritious diet is the foundation of good health. Eating healthy protects your cells from damage, which is why genetically modified foods shouldn t be an option. Genetically modified foods are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. Not only are genetically modified foods unhealthy for your body, but they have negative effects on many other things. Bioethics allowsRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1619 Words   |  7 Pages GMO Labeling Virginia L .Burns Jefferson Technical Community College GMO Labeling Introduction Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are living organisms that are artificially manipulated usually in a laboratory through genetic engineering (The Non-GMO Project, n.d.). These organisms are practically the combination of plants, animal, bacterial, and viral materials that do not exist in naturally. These experiments that take place in the labs to produce the GMOs can be through artificialRead MoreThe Effects Of Genetically Modified Organisms On The Environment1541 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Research of the Effects of GMOs Ruf, Andrea. Soil organisms as an essential element of a monitoring plan to identify the effects of GMO cultivation. Requirements – Methodology – Standardisation. BioRisk 8: 73–87 (2013) 1-16 Web. 3 Feb. 2016. This scholarly article gives an in-depth overview of the practice of monitoring the effects of genetically modified organisms on the environment. A spanning look at the types of soil organisms best suited for study in relation to GMOs is provided as wellRead MoreEssay on For Better or Worse: Genetically Modified Organisms550 Words   |  3 PagesGMOs, or genetically modified organisms, are plants and animals that have had their DNA changed. The organisms have been given genes from other living things to modify them to resist things such as insects, herbicides, and diseases. This way the modified foods and animals increase food production. Yet in the process of tampering with the genetic makeup or DNA of these organisms into something unnatural we learn some things should be left alone. The purpose of this essay is to discuss three causesRead MoreThe Economic Consequences Brought By The Banning Of Gmos1426 Words   |  6 Pagesbrought by the banning of GMOs in the EU Biotechnology, according to the biotechnology industry organization, is a way that â€Å"harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products.† The most common and well-known type of biotechnology in the food system is genetic engineering, which refers to the manipulation of an organism’s genome. Some of the food we consume today are genetically modified. The most well-known genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are corn and soybeansRead MoreGmos : Genetically Modified Organisms Essay1588 Words   |  7 Pages JJ Johnson Dec. 2nd 2015 Period 5 Mrs. Khan GMOs Would you trust a person that was created in a laboratory? When you eat gmos you are putting your future health in the hands of companies that may only in it for the money. Gmos (genetically modified organism) are living organisms that have genes that have been changed in a laboratory by genetic engineering (nongmoproject). This science makes unstable combinations of plant, animals, bacteria, and viral genes. They are made by taking a organism sayRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1692 Words   |  7 Pages1996, there has been an ongoing controversy over genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and whether they are ethical and safe for the sake of human health and the environment. Recently, the controversy has been centralized around whether companies should be required to disclose GMO use on their labelling. Many people feel strongly that it should be up to the consumer to choose whether to buy a product that contains GMOs or to eat only organic options which are defined by the USDA as being produced â€Å"usingRead MoreEthics Of Genetically Modified Organisms816 Words   |  4 PagesIn the last thirty years, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been used for in the production of medicine and food and are widely used in scientific research and the production of other products (Junod, 2009). A GMO is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques, including mutation, insertion, or deletion of genes (Nelson, 2010). GMOS and GM technology have become a topic of great concern among scientists, regulators, consumers, farmers, andRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods: Are They Helpful or Harmful? Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagesfacing our world today. GMOs are foods produced from organisms that have had specific changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering for improvement of productivity and product quality. GMOs have raised concerns over whether or not there beneficial or harmful to our health. It is not secret that GMO foods have had a dramatic impact on the world and humans deserve to know how they are not all that they appear to be. GMOs pose a serious threat to our health, lead to serious destruction

Literature review of Leadership Practices at Successful Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Literature Review of Leadership Practices at Successful Organizations. Answer: Introduction Leadership literature disclose that the practices of leadership have been customized and advanced with the course of time and each and e very practice is relevant in its own way. The relevance of leadership practices relies upon the context or situation in which they have been applied. The kind of leadership practices implemented in areas where there presents a high degree of sensitivity, conflicts, confidence level and precision may be different than the practices incorporated at areas where there presents simple management case. There are number of things which impacts the type of leadership practices to be incorporated such as psycho-social developments, organizational complexities, information overload, regulations and laws, working environment, culture contexts and situations. For any organization to become successful there are various elements which support the growth. Out of all those, one major and significant part is the leadership practices applied in the organization (Nort hhouse, 2015). The literature will throw light on several leadership practices of some renowned and successful organization and will also discuss and analyze various other practices which the organization can adopt to have further development. Literature review For understanding what leadership practices are, there is a need to first comprehend what is leadership. There are number of definitions associated with leadership, but to conclude all we can say leadership starts with individuals in the positions of leadership but this is not its end. The competence of any organization to attain its objectives and goals not only relies completely on the power of will of a single leader or on the effectiveness of the chain of command of an organization. The practices are significant but then also few organizations fail and few succeed (Yukl, 2002). Its not merely the number of excellent leaders which an organization have on which the success depends but the actual practices which have been implement ted at the grass-root level of an organization and the ability of both the informal and formal leaders to integrate the needs of the employees with the goals of an organization. There presents leadership practices of various organizations and the reasons how these practices turned out to be beneficial for those organization to become successful (Ireland and Hitt, 1999). Leadership practices at successful organizations Leadership practices adopted at McDonalds includes building of outlets that are considered as amusing places to work at. The leaders there promote accountability and comprehend the culture of social responsibility as well as implement these practices in their businesses. The leaders at McDonalds possess articulating visions, role relationships, influential power to impact the behavior of subordinates and also the embodying values. These traits of leaders influence the employees to accomplish the organizational goals and work liberally. The model of leadership which enforced at McDonalds is Adair model and which is an action-centered leadership. As per this model, the higher authorities inspire and influence the employees through their self-commitment, enthusiasm and their skill to communicated passion to other individuals (Carter, Ulrich and Goldsmith, 2012). The tasks are accomplished by developing different teams and so the team work practice is generally adopted at the workplace. The leadership practices and the Adair model incorporated by McDonalds majorly focuses over three main things which comprises of firstly the accomplishment of the work assigned or the task, secondly, maintaining and continuing with the team and lastly meeting the personal and individual requirements of the members of the team. Other leadership practices adopted at McDonalds comprises of that they perform with the maximum level of integrity and authenticity through building an association of trust with the team members, leaders remain fully committed towards the development and growth of the individuals and the tem, they practice efficient skills of listening as feedbacks are taken from the employees regarding policies, work culture, environment etc., they share their view points, perceptions openly with employees and also give the opportunity to work in an independent and self-organized way (Weinstein, 2012). The span of control is squat at McDonalds and it offers several advantages such as effective control over the subordinates is maintained, evaluation process becomes effective, increased co-ordination as well as there are opportunities for the subordinates to learn more and develop. Another organization which possesses few best leadership practices is Google. There are various practices and lessons which can be learn through the leadership style of Google. The leaders communicate the vision and provide employees with the autonomy to incorporate it; this is one of the leadership practices of Google of its people management system. Another practice relates with offering the employees with an environment which is hassle-free so that the people can perform well and have complete concentration on their work (Henson, 2016). The objective or aim of the company is to strip away all the things which come in the way of their employees. Google offers a customary package of advantages and remunerations to its employees which it clips up with an apparently continuous and extremely desirable the array of perquisites which includes excellent facilities of dining and that too with unrestrained and free supply of nutritious food, services for dry cleaning, car washes, haircuttin g salons, massage rooms, laundry rooms, gyms, in various segments of workplace there are snack stations, commuting buses, access to internet, leather seats as well as the company provides facility for carrying the pets onboard and related to anything which a reliable and hardworking employee require to be concerned for at the time she or he is working (Leithwood, 2005). Even though the workforces are also not required to get worried about the dress code to follow as Google incorporate and implement axioms in its vision which means that a person can be serious for his work even if he or she is in informal and not wearing suit. The leadership practice of facilitating and empowering the work of the employees is one of the major reasons behind the innovations of Google and as a result the company experienced explosive growth (Yalimaki and Jacobson, 2013). The company focuses on various approaches and practices of leadership such as knowing the employees through conversing with them on a n individual basis, developing innovative ways through which the high-performing and hard-working employees can get promoted and rewarded, the company let the workforces own the issues which they want them to answer which means Google provides the autonomy to its employees to achieve the goal of the company according to them and in their own way. Another practice is that the company provides the facility to its employees to work outside the hierarchy of the organization which comprises of freedom to select their own teams and the projects as well as one of the most preferred leadership practice of Google was giving the liberty and choice to its employees to select their the reviewer among all the professionals and experts whom they consider as impartial and respects their judgment and objectivity (Manimala and Wasdani, 2013). Another organization which possesses finest leadership practices is AstraZeneca. The leadership abilities of AstraZeneca were identified in 1999 just after the merger (Hyde and Paterson, 2001). The capabilities of leadership of the company are used in the management planning, development planning and performance management across the worldwide company. It is the core and essential element of the programme of leadership development and also a tool which provides 360 degree feedback has also been industrialized for supporting their functions. The behavior of leadership offers an association among the priorities of business and the AZ values of high ethical standards, integrity, support and trust for others, openness, respect for diversity, respect for individual and leadership over all levels. There are few practices which have implemented at AstraZeneca and are linked with the leadership behaviors. It comprises of practices regarding building of self-awareness, express individual conv iction, development of people, building of associations, emphasis on delivery, and safeguard the commitment and practice regarding proving of clarity related to the strategic direction (Storey, 2004). General Electric Company is another successful organization which has strong and powerful pillars of leadership practices implementing at its workplace. There are number of approaches and practices which have been incorporated by GE which includes firstly the leader at every level inspire and encourage the individuals to show a concern and apprehension for the necessities and requirements of other people. Next the leaders emphasis on achieving cooperation among each other so that the work can be accomplished in teams, instead of individual concern or just as per the requirements of higher authorities, GE do not function, it takes along the shared benefits in which each and every individual remain cherished. GE allow employees to provide their innovative ideas so that the employees consider themselves as the part of the organization but simultaneously it necessitates that the employees are required to follow the orders even though if they have a better plan, the respect for the higher authorities need to be maintained (Henderson and Evans, 2000). Another leadership practice of GE focus on making the employees work in such a way that they consider their job as a contest so that they strive hard for it and achieve the desired goals with much effectiveness and zeal. Few more practices of GE are the improved connectivity among the employees, increased integrity which requires the employees to be committed, passionate, curios and energized for performing the work. The leaders at GE incorporated a change acceleration programme as its leadership practice and it was initialized with the top senior managers and later on continued by other managers, the agenda behind this programme was to accelerate change within the organization and that too at the uppermost level so that the employees also get inspired by the higher authorities and became ready to adjust with the change (Lakshman, 205). This practice e signifies that how the behavior and traits of the leaders impacts th e understanding and behavior of the subordinates. These practices make the organization successful and open the doors for future development. Starbucks is another successful organization which is highly recognized for its leadership practices. Starbucks is famous for practicing servant leadership. Servant leadership generally focused on providing increased services to the individuals. It is a holistic approach towards the job and empowers a feeling of community and in the process of decision making the powers is shared. Starbucks highly emphasize on practicing this kind of leadership in its business and at the workplace (Sipe and Frick, 2015). There are various characters or elements of servant leadership which are incorporated in the working culture of Starbuck by their leaders. Leaders at Starbucks adopt the practice of listening, as a servant leader the mangers at Starbucks listen intentionally with a deep commitment to others. The will of the employees are identified and they are worked as per their will (Hamilton, Spears and Lawrence 2005). Another element practiced by Starbucks is that the leaders of Starbucks try to empathies with others in which the employees are recognized and been accepted for their individual and special spirits they possess. Employees are not to force to change themselves; they have appointed those tasks which they can serve better (Autry, 2007). As practicing servant leadership, the employees always been provided a healing hand at the time of any non-happening event occurred with them whether formal or informal. Leaders listen to them and try to solve their issues and make them comfortable at their work. The employees are persuaded and convinced rather than pressurized to follow a change or decision. As per the practice of servant leadership, they decisions are not just imposed coercively on the employees but they are convinced by various means and make them persuade for that work so that there sustain a sense of willingness and liberty to work independently (Trompenaars and Voerman, 2009). The leaders at Starbucks are committed to the development and growth of the emplo yees as they believe there always remains some intrinsic value beyond the work performing as employees. So to fulfil and develop the spiritual, professional and personal growth of the employees the leaders perform actions which support this such as availability of funds, encouraging involvement of the employees, taking up suggestions from them etc. These leadership practices of Starbucks enhance the involvement of employees and also empower them to grow and as its outcome the organization achieve huge success (Jones, 2012). Conclusion Leadership practices are the shared, combined and observable deeds which outline as well as define the culture of leadership. A leadership practice supports the successful incorporation of the other leadership strategies of any business. Without the right leadership practice, the other organizational strategies will be just like ink on paper which has no meaning and involvement of it in achieving success by an organization. With the appropriate leadership practices in place, the correctly designed leadership process for development and the suitable strategies for talent sustainability and talent acquisition, there presents extreme chances that the organization will accomplish growth and success in implementing its leadership strategies. One major thing to be focused for is, there is need to understand that just by speeches or verbal communication the leaders cannot determine that in what way employees have taken it so there is a high requirement to implement the leadership practices at workplace for influencing the employees. The leadership policies and leadership practices implemented in an organization are the best way to understand the needs of the employees and to make them comprehend the culture of the organization (Chhokar, Brodbeck and House, 2013). Leadership practices have a direct association of cause and effect on the business organization and its success. Through leadership practices, the leaders recognize the employee motivation, tolerance towards change, culture and values. They help in outlining the strategies comprising their execution and efficacy. Leadership practices could implement at any level of an organization and are not only meant for the employees or the grass-root levels. From the literature review we can conclude one major thing that all the successful organizations have one thing in common, they implement leadership practices at their workplace to reap utmost benefit from its resources comprising the most valuable and expensive reso urce i.e. its people. Recommendations There are number of effective and successful leadership practices which can be adopted by the organization to achieve success. It includes practices like 360 degree feedback which focus on ratings to be given on various performances, through it there is development of behavioral change and self knowledge. Another practice could be coaching which is a practical form of practice that included one-to-one learning; it has benefits like career development, personalized viewpoint etc. Another strategy could be mentoring which includes learning and advising from much more senior managers, the employee and the mangers share a development relationship, it has various benefits associated with it such as broader sense of understanding, avoiding of mistakes, lessons are learned as well as building of a strong personal bond (Orazi, et al., 2014). There are other various practices which the leaders and the organizations of can implement to have successful future but there should always maintain a balance between the needs of the employees and the organizational goals. References Autry, J.A., 2007.The Servant Leader: How to Build a Creative Team, Develop Great Morale, and Improve Bottom-Line Perf ormance. Crown Business. Carter, L., Ulrich, D. and Goldsmith, M. eds., 2012.Best practices in leadership development and organization change: how the best companies ensure meaningful change and sustainable leadership(Vol. 18). John Wiley Sons. Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013.Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Hamilton, F., Spears, L. and Lawrence, M., 2005. Practicing servant-leadership: Succeeding through trust, bravery, and forgiveness. Henderson, K.M. and Evans, J.R., 2000. Successful implementation of six sigma: benchmarking General Electric Company.Benchmarking: An International Journal,7(4), pp.260-282. Henson, R., 2016. The Road Ahead: The Future of Global Leadership and Implications for Research and Practice. InSuccessful Global Leadership(pp. 285-301). Palgrave Macmillan US. Hyde, A. and Paterson, J., 2001. Leadership development as a vehicle for change during merger.Journal of Change Management,2(3), pp.266-271. Ireland, R.D. and Hitt, M.A., 1999. Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: The role of strategic leadership.The Academy of Management Executive,13(1), pp.43-57. Jones, D., 2012. Does servant leadership lead to greater customer focus and employee satisfaction.Business Studies Journal,4(2), pp.21-35. Lakshman, C., 2005. Top executive knowledge leadership: managing knowledge to lead change at General Electric.Journal of Change Management,5(4), pp.429-446. Leithwood, K., 2005. Understanding successful principal leadership: progress on a broken front.Journal of Educational Administration,43(6), pp.619-629. Manimala, M.J., Wasdani, K.P., 2013. Distributed leadership at Google: Lessons from the billion-dollar bran, Ivey Business Journal. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Orazi, D., Good, L., Robin M., Wanrooy, B.V., Butar, I.B., Olsen, J. and Gahan, P., 2014. Workplace leadership: A Review of Prior Research. Australia. Sipe, J.W. and Frick, D.M., 2015.Seven pillars of servant leadership: Practicing the wisdom of leading by serving. Paulist Press. Storey, J., 2004.Leadership in organizations: Current issues and key trends. Psychology Press. Trompenaars, F. and Voerman, E., 2009.Servant Leadership Across Cultures: Harnessing the Strength of the World's Most Powerful Leadership Philosophy. Infinite Ideas. Weinstein, M., 2012. McDonald's Recipe for Success.Training,49(1), pp.60-63. Ylimaki, R. and Jacobson, S., 2013. School leadership practice and preparation: Comparative perspectives on organizational learning (OL), instructional leadership (IL) and culturally responsive practices (CRP).Journal of Educational Administration,51(1), pp.6-23. Yukl, G.A., 2002. Leadership in organizations

Is There A Difference Between Fashion Marketing And Normal Marketing Essay Example

Is There A Difference Between Fashion Marketing And Normal Marketing Paper Marketing is the process of anticipating a consumer need and then making or offering a product which satisfies the customer and also feedback is important to improve the product. Therefore, it is communicating the value of a product or service to the final customer. It involves the 4 P’s of marketing which are Product, Place, Price, and Promotion. While Fashion marketing is the profession that takes the latest trends and designs in clothing and communicates them to a target market in such a way that the consumer is not only aware of the product, but wants to and ultimately does buy the product. It is the process of analysing, developing and marketing current fashion trends and determining and segmenting the customers. The goal of fashion marketing is to move clothing out of designer’s showrooms and into customer closets. Fashion marketing has increased competition as fashion gains exposure and has wider appeals. In this marketing, the fashion comes and goes according to the trends and the season. In fashion marketing, the customer’s needs depend upon the lifestyle of a person, for example a 22 year married girl will have different needs from a 22 year college going girl. In these types of market demand of product arises frequently and it get fulfilled very quickly. While in normal marketing the competition factor is less as there are no new innovations frequently because people prefer the same product more which they are using on regular basis. Fashion marketing involves a limited range of products such as apparels, accessories etc. whereas marketing is a wider concept and it involves a huge range of product such as FMCG products, automobile products etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Is There A Difference Between Fashion Marketing And Normal Marketing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is There A Difference Between Fashion Marketing And Normal Marketing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is There A Difference Between Fashion Marketing And Normal Marketing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Fashion marketing targets a set of customers, who they think would be there potential customers and they communicate their product only to that target customers while in marketing the target audience is huge. In Fashion marketing there are no government interference i. e. there are no taxes levied on fashion products while in normal marketing there are taxes that are levied on the products ( like the price of a product is including all the taxes). Marketers in the fashion industry have to keep constantly analysing new trends and see if what they are doing is working or not. Then if it is not, they need to make the necessary adjustments in order to have success for themselves and the company that they represent. They are directly engaged with all of the aspects of advertising and promotion when it comes to their products. There is not much difference between fashion marketing and marketing but there are also things which are different in fashion marketing and marketing. Fashion marketing is a narrower term than marketing. Therefore, Fashion Marketing is an aspect of Marketing whereas marketing itself is a very wide concept.

Free Essays on Defining Gender Roles And Consequences In The Fairytale World

â€Å"A soldier came marching down the road: Left . . . right! Left . . . right! He had a pack on his back and a sword at his side. He had been in the war and was on his way home.† (pg. 1) â€Å"Once upon a time there was a woman whose only desire was to have a tiny little child.† (pg. 29) The opening lines from The Tinderbox and Inchelina demonstrate that in the world of Andersen’s fairytales, gender is represented with a very clear distinction between masculine and feminine roles. The rules of the fairytale require both male and female characters to make a journey or maturation into adulthood that ends when they marry and start a family of their own, but the rules of how that journey is accomplished differ greatly based on gender. The roles played by each are specific, and there tends to be severe consequences involved whenever a character behaves contrary to their assigned role. Andersen depicts the masculine role as one of action. The goal at the end of his journey is to settle down with a wife and children, often in financial circumstances above where he began. A male character cannot merely sit back and let fate carry him along, however. He is expected to actively strive towards the higher state. This usually requires him to employ exceptional cunning and cleverness to outsmart other characters in order to gain wealth or the privilege of a princess’ hand in marriage. For example, in The Tinderbox, the young soldier does not return home from war and wait for a new life to be handed to him. Instead, he takes an active role in his journey towards maturation. First he gains wealth by bravely entering into a bargain with the witch: â€Å"You climb up to the top of the tree, crawl into the hole, and slide down deep inside it. I’ll tie a rope around your waist, so I can pull you up again when you call me.† (pg. 1) â€Å"That doesn’t sound bad! said the soldier. But what am I to do for you, old witch?† (pg.... Free Essays on Defining Gender Roles And Consequences In The Fairytale World Free Essays on Defining Gender Roles And Consequences In The Fairytale World â€Å"A soldier came marching down the road: Left . . . right! Left . . . right! He had a pack on his back and a sword at his side. He had been in the war and was on his way home.† (pg. 1) â€Å"Once upon a time there was a woman whose only desire was to have a tiny little child.† (pg. 29) The opening lines from The Tinderbox and Inchelina demonstrate that in the world of Andersen’s fairytales, gender is represented with a very clear distinction between masculine and feminine roles. The rules of the fairytale require both male and female characters to make a journey or maturation into adulthood that ends when they marry and start a family of their own, but the rules of how that journey is accomplished differ greatly based on gender. The roles played by each are specific, and there tends to be severe consequences involved whenever a character behaves contrary to their assigned role. Andersen depicts the masculine role as one of action. The goal at the end of his journey is to settle down with a wife and children, often in financial circumstances above where he began. A male character cannot merely sit back and let fate carry him along, however. He is expected to actively strive towards the higher state. This usually requires him to employ exceptional cunning and cleverness to outsmart other characters in order to gain wealth or the privilege of a princess’ hand in marriage. For example, in The Tinderbox, the young soldier does not return home from war and wait for a new life to be handed to him. Instead, he takes an active role in his journey towards maturation. First he gains wealth by bravely entering into a bargain with the witch: â€Å"You climb up to the top of the tree, crawl into the hole, and slide down deep inside it. I’ll tie a rope around your waist, so I can pull you up again when you call me.† (pg. 1) â€Å"That doesn’t sound bad! said the soldier. But what am I to do for you, old witch?† (pg....

Leadership and Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership and Management - Research Paper Example All the complaints, problems and official liabilities of the nursing department have to be sorted by the chief nursing officer. Chief nursing officer must possess appropriate leadership skills because of the challenging demands that exist in working environment on daily basis. There are grave issues that take place in the health facilities like nursing staff deficiencies, human errors, life losses and patient dilemmas. Chief nursing officer has to make sure that the workflow of the health facility remains smooth and sound (Hader, 2011). Chief nursing officers are kind of leaders that are responsible for creating a special kind of patient care culture at the workplace so that the nurses working under him can know the fact that their main duty is to serve the needy patients whole heartedly. If the culture is based on human services and care then there will be really less issues and depleted problems. As a leader the chief nursing officers has to lead the nursing team and set examples. Chief nursing officer is responsible for creating cultures that support acts of courage and bravery in nursing. The American Organization of Nurse Executives has given a code of conduct to develop a good and groomed culture at the health care facilities (American Nurses Association, 2001). ... If the chief nursing officer will not show courage to take necessary and bold action, then there is a huge probability that the health care facility will not remain reliable in the eyes of the masses and overall organizational requirements of the hospital or health care facility will never be achieved. Corley (2002) described the ‘courage to take action’ in a morally declined society and stressful environments like that of any hospital as the most important factor in leading any health care environment. The nurses are normally over worked and inter-departmental conflicts occur on regular basis. CNO should be courageous enough to speak on behalf of the nurses and tell the upper hierarchies about the real needs of patients. Buresh and Gordon (2006) have argued that nurses must feel that the chief nursing officer is really working on their behalf and their voice is getting the appropriate outlet. Courage, conviction, and capacity to work in an adaptive way are the must have qualities of the chief nursing officers Chief nursing officers have the sole responsibility to make sure that patient care standards, clinical requirements and health standards are met at the health facility. He is accountable for any type of problems in the nursing department. Chief nursing officer has the duty to motivate, train and control the nursing staff and inculcate the fact in them that their main duty is to serve the patients. Any type of human error resulting in loss of human life or injury can cause detrimental effects to the health organization or hospital. The chief nursing officer just cannot issue orders and do nothing rather leadership and managerial

The interrelationship between organisational strategy and employee Essay

The interrelationship between organisational strategy and employee involvement - Essay Example With this necessary incorporation in terms of organizational strategy, they have been able to look at the ethical side of things as well since the moral grounds have been set in a proper manner and there are as such no apprehensions to state the least in the present times (McKinley, 2003). A business can move from a position of stability to one of a complete unstable stance as it acquires different means of gathering the market and its driving factors that come along with it. The firm has to change its position with the changing times otherwise it will literally vanish away from its competitors and more so the customers, for which it actually exists. (Sims, 2002) It must bring about technological innovations so as to meet the ethical guidelines and best practices which are geared up to make it sound, look and eventually feel different from the rest of the lot and in the long run, have a selling proposition in it and in its products that help it in winning the customers time and time again. (Mills, 2003) 3. Employee Involvement The work culture within the employees can be developed in a manner which suits the interests of the organization in the best form possible. For this to happen, it is necessary to understand that resources department has got an immense role to play in the related equation. We must understand that we live in a global world where human resources has of late been instrumental at dramatically changing the way we perceive the way in which people think, act and feel on the job. (Bishop, 2003) The basic dogma on which the dot com companies work is to reach out to the greatest amount of people and make those people... The work culture within the employees can be developed in a manner which suits the interests of the organization in the best form possible. For this to happen, it is necessary to understand that resources department has got an immense role to play in the related equation. We must understand that we live in a global world where human resources has of late been instrumental at dramatically changing the way we perceive the way in which people think, act and feel on the job. (Bishop, 2003) The basic dogma on which the dot com companies work is to reach out to the greatest amount of people and make those people as their clients within a short duration of time. This would be on the expense of not being at concern related with the loss in the stock prices. The culture which was adopted by these companies was of get large or get lost in the whole frame of things. Only the technological basis makes the very same possible and a work culture of this regime is necessary to put things into perspe ctive. (Winter, 2001)4. Interrelationship between Organizational Strategy and Employee InvolvementAs far as the human resources function in the company’s cultural regimes is concerned, we see that in the present era the business world needs to have a lot of improvement within its ranks if it adopts the policy of working towards the establishment of a performance management system. This would guarantee them a lot of success as their employees and workers would dedicate their whole hearted efforts towards the well being of the company .

IQ and Birth order Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IQ and Birth order - Essay Example Inï ¬â€šuence of birth order on the character traits individuals The personality of individuals is affected by among other things their birth order in their families. Conducting a study among 361 siblings from diverse family backgrounds (Melissa.M. 2007) found out that birth order has an influence in the personality traits of an individual in a family. Writing a report on their study findings they concluded that age as a signiï ¬ cant effect on extraversion with younger siblings being more extraverted than the older ones. Closely related to this assertion, are the findings of Ernst and Angst (1983), writing on younger siblings being more extraverted in terms of sociability compared to older siblings. On his part (Sulloway, 1996), alludes that if siblings are to employ their character so as to seek favors from their parents, then parental investment, is increased in extraversion in the younger kids in the family. This in turn leads to competition for attention by the siblings, thus causing siblings rivalry. This amplified extraversion amongst the young siblings protects them from their older siblings hence they are able to assert themselves with much ease. Ahmed M. Al-Khalek and, Richard Lynn (2007) from the University of Kuwait also conducted a study on Intelligence, family size and birth order on about 4643 individuals and also mentioned a correlation between I.Q and the birth order of an individual in their families. Discussing the findings of the study, they realized that children in larger families were more likely to have lower IQs than those from smaller families. However, this finding is in conflict with Zajonc’s con?uence theory and Blake’s dilution theory t hat expects the relationship between family size and intelligence to apply uniformly across all human societies. In addition to this, there was no prove found to support the earlier findings from United States and Europe,that birth order affects the IQ levels of children, where older siblings tend to have higher IQs than the younger ones. It did confirm that there was a positive association between birth order for ages that are below eleven years. Ahmed M. Al-Khalek and, Richard Lynn (2007) also found out there is very minimal effect on an individual’s intelligence and the attention they receive from their parents as whether younger or older than their siblings. Results indicated a very high probability of relationship between family size and intelligence as most intelligent couples had a smaller number of children (Lynn, 1996). It’s also probable that older siblings tend to have relatively lower IQs than their younger siblings, a fact that could be attributed to the a ge of the parents that could also have an effect on their kids. Closely related to this, is the fact that elder mothers are at higher risk of giving birth to babies that have less weight. This condition is often associated with lower intelligent levels. This confirms an earlier assertion by Aliya, Jolly, Ehiri, and Salihu (2005)who confirmed a relationship between later births and the consequent outcomes associated with the

Platos Argument For A Just Life :: essays research papers

Plato's Argument For A Just Life Plato's argument for the benefits of a just life is intrinsically linked to his definition of good and its relation to people's desires. He begins by showing that when the objective of a desire is simple (e.g. quenching a thirst), the desire must be correspondingly simple. Since thirst is a simple desire, the man's objective must also be simplistic and should we assign an adjective to his objective, we would falsely complicate it. In addition, Plato believes that we would be seriously erring if we assign a value of good to an desire. In common use, the adjective good would denote something that is good in relation to others of its kind. We consider a drink good if it contains characteristics that we look for in a drink (e.g. pleasantness or taste). Plato takes this a step further and states that something that is good must not only be good in relation to others but it must be wholly good. Thus a drink cannot be truly good if evil results from it. This poses an interesting question for Plato's readers namely, since no one wants bad things to happen to them, why do people engage in self-destructive activities? The answer lies in the fact that the only reason that we desire to drink is that we anticipate the result of our thirst being quenched. Our appetites see no further consequences than the immediate fulfillment of our desires; they do not contemplate the results of the actions we take to fulfill our desires. For this reason, Plato believes that we must separate the soul based on how it reacts to desires. There must be a part of the soul, Plato reasons, that contemplates the end result of our actions and makes decisions based on a higher reasoning than desire. So we see two distinct parts of the soul. The first is said to be appetite (which desires without reason) and reason (which considers the consequences). Reason may thus work against anything that is not for the total good of the man. Plato holds that if the desire were truly for a good drink, reason would never oppose it. Our usage of the word good, however, has come to denote an expectation of usefulness to our purpose; although this may be relative to the end result that we experience from the object. For example, we call a knife good because it is sharp and cuts well but if the end result is that we cut ourselves, we would say that the knife would have been better if it

Ben & Jerry’s Case Study Essay

Team building was not the most effective way to launch an Organizational Development effort, in the case of Ben and Jerry’s. There are two critical issues that must be dealt with before any kind of team building should be attempted. The first issue would be creating more of a consensus between the founders and the Board about the vision of the ideal organization and the goals of the OD effort. The second issue is the interpersonal conflict between Ben and Chico. The consultant may have used Ben and Jerry’s idiosyncratic personalities to his advantage in order to gloss over the lack of agreement on the company vision between the founders and the board. The board members were asked to write down their differing visions on paper and the consultant performed a ritual of burning these to represent transformation and coming together of management and the Board. This is only a metaphor, and did not have the intended effect on either the Board or Ben and Jerry. Both Ben and Jerry still felt a separation in values between themselves and management after the team building retreat. This was demonstrated by the managers wearing â€Å"we are weird† buttons after the team building. Rather than the ritual burning of the ideas, the consultant would have better served the clients with an intergroup conflict resolution process. The division over the vision of Ben and Jerry’s had become dysfunctional and was creating conflict which polarized the two groups. The groups being the free-wheeling, hippy minded founders and the more business minded managers. This problem was affecting the productivity and effectiveness of the organization at large and must be dealt with and resolved before any interventions are carried out and lower levels of the organization. Management must buy-in to the OD effort, and if they feel that the founders are flawed in their business strategy, it will be impossible for management to carry out their wishes for the way they want their business to grow and prosper. The consultant has acknowledged the problem, yet performed no real interventions to try and resolve it. There was also no mention of a consensus on the focus of the OD effort. It seems that the consultant just tried to make everyone happy without any real conflict resolution interventions.   The next issue that should precede any team building exercises would be an intervention for Ben and Chico. The two men have a large presence and influence over the entire organization. They also represent the larger groups which are in conflict over the fundamental philosophy of the organization. The employees consider them to be two titans of power with legendary arguments. The consultant should have focused on a third-party intervention between these two change agents. If these two powerful and influential men could come together and resolve some of their conflict, that would be the next logical step in properly motivating and developing the organization. This is a basic skill that OD practitioners should have, yet the consultant made no effort to address the conflicts between the two. It’s also very likely that the conflict between Ben and Chico could be the root cause of the polarization of the two groups in the entire organization. If that is the case, you would have to address this issue in order for team building to be effective. The teambuilding efforts of the consultant were appropriate and needed, but only after the two more primary issues are dealt with. The effectiveness of this OD intervention was thwarted by the lack of attention to conflicts in ideology.

Bring Back Flogging - 1340 Words

Bring Back Flogging This essay by Jeff Jacoby illustrates an authors use of ironic sarcasm otherwise known as satire to defend and illustrate his platform on his position. Jacoby uses in this essay verbal irony (persuasion in the form of ridicule). In the irony of this sort there is a contrast between what is said and what is meant. Jacoby s claim in simple is he believes that flogging should be brought back to replace the more standard conventional method of the imprisonment of violent and non-violent offenders. His grounds for the revival of flogging stems back to his initial mention of the Puritan punishment system. He cites how in 1632 Richard Hopkins was Flogged and branded for selling guns and weapons to the Indians,†¦show more content†¦All this holds true assuming that public flogging serves it supposed purpose, and the terrible risks of prison are a confirmed reality. When Jacoby in paragraph three states that today we are more enlightened than our puritan foref athers where they used flogging we lock wrongdoers up in cages, he is portraying a method of verbal irony (sarcasm). He continues his sarcastic voice when he lists a criminal act and states that each punishment seems to be incarceration. His satire of the modern day justice system is even more noticeable when he claims that prison is the all purpose, all in one punishment. His final statement of the essay that perhaps the puritans where more enlightened than we thought contradicts one of his initial statements concluding that we are more enlightened that the puritans how we cage wrongdoers confirms his satire or verbal irony in his essay. The question arises toward Jacoby s first reason for flogging. Jacoby s case for the overpopulation and development of new institutions doesn t find favor in my eyes. Yes, the tax paying American is paying for the prison system, but he also pays to employ many of the correction officers along with the contractors who build and restore many of the institutions. Thus theShow MoreRelatedBring Back Flogging1289 Words   |  6 PagesBring Back Flogging Every civilized society makes laws that protect its values, and society expects from every single person to obey to these laws. Whenever a person from this society breaks one of those laws, the rulers of the society punish him or her either by putting the person behind bars, whipping him or her, or exiling the person. A great debate has been raging since human society started. Some say that depriving a wrongdoer from his or her freedom is the best way to deter him or her fromRead MoreBring Back Flogging Essays475 Words   |  2 PagesBring Back Flogging During seventeenth century flogging was a popular punishment for convicted people among Bostons Puritans. Fortunately, those times have passed and brutal and inhuman flogging was replaced by imprisonment. Columnist for the Boston Globe, Jeff Jacoby in his essay Bring back flogging asserts that flogging is superior to imprisonment and advocates flogging as an excellent means of punishment. He is convinced that flogging of offenders after their first conviction can preventRead MoreBring Back Flogging Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"Bring Back Flogging† Jeff Jacoby, a columnist for the Boston Globe, presents the use of corporal punishment as an alternative to the current system of imprisonment. Published in February of 1997, the article states that flogging would be a more effective means of punishment than jail. He insists it would be less expensive and serve as a deterrent to first time offenders. Jacoby’s thoughts on prison reform are legitimate, but his re asoning behind the use of corporal punishment is flawed. He failsRead MoreJeff Jacoby’s Bring Flogging Back1018 Words   |  5 PagesIn Jeff Jacoby’s essay Bring Flogging Back, he discusses whether flogging is the more humane punishment compared to prison. Jacoby uses clear and compelling evidence to describe why prisons are a terrible punishment, but he lacks detail and information on why flogging is better. In the essay he explains how crime has gotten out of hand over the past few decades, which has lead to the government building more prisons to lock up more criminals. His effort to prove that current criminal punishment isRead MoreBring Back Flogging by Jeff Facoby715 Words   |  3 PagesA columnist for the Boston Globe, Jeff Jacoby, in his article, â€Å"Bring Back Flogging† published on the op-ed page on February 20, addresses the issue of the deficiency of today’s criminal justice system and attempts to persuade us to bring back flogging as a p unishment for certain crime. However, though his syllogism might arouse the reader and educate them on the need for reform, but it fails to convince the reader that corporal punishment is the best option. He supports his argument by providingRead More Do Not Bring Back Flogging Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesFlogging†¦What is it? What purpose does it serve? For those of us who have never heard of flogging, flogging refers to â€Å"beating with a whip or strap or rope as a form of punishment† (â€Å"Flogging† 1). Throughout the 1600s, flogging was utilized by â€Å"Boston’s Puritan Forefathers† (Jacoby 1) as a method of corporal punishment for various crimes. Progressing forward, Jeff Jacoby, columnist for The Boston Globe, provides readers with his view of â€Å"Boston’s Forefathers’† system of punishment in his essay, â€Å"BringRead MoreJeff Jacobys Essay Bring Back Flogging1214 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Bring Back Foolishness† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jeff Jacobys’ essay, entitled â€Å"Bring Back Flogging† was, in my sincere opinion, poorly constructed. There are numerous instances where I felt that he had either not supported his premises with valid information or had negated his support in later sentences. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The essay begins by drawing forth images of Puritan punishment. He cites two instances of punishment, which were particularly torturous and radical in natureRead MoreSummary Of Bring Back Flogging By Jeff Jacoby795 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"Bring Back Flogging†, the author, Jeff Jacoby suggests that people should adopt some of the Puritans tactics to punish criminals instead of putting them in prison. In order to present his claim, Jacoby is based in the use of irony, logos, and ethos. According to Jeff Jacoby a moment of humiliation is better than a couple of years behind the bars. I do not agree with Jeff Jacoby’s argument because the examples he gives and the way he refers to the topic incite to violence, also during the developmentRead More Jeff Jacobys Bring Back Flogging Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesJeff Jacobys Bring Back Flogging   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This essay by Jeff Jacoby illustrates an authors use of ironic sarcasm otherwise known as satire to defend and illustrate his platform on his position. Jacoby uses in this essay verbal irony (persuasion in the form of ridicule). In the irony of this sort there is a contrast between what is said and what is meant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jacoby’s claim in simple is he believes that flogging should be brought back to replace the more standard conventional method of the imprisonmentRead MoreRhetorical Analysis1358 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ In â€Å"Bring Back Flogging†, Jeff Jacoby addresses the problems within America s criminal justice system. He gives many reasons why imprisonment simply does not work, and suggests that corporal punishment should be used as an alternative. Published in the Boston Globe, a newspaper well known for being liberal, Jacoby provides a conservative view and directs his argument towards those who strongly support imprisonment and view corporal punishment to be highly barbaric and inhumane. However,